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COMMONSENSE REASONING
Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2012, Mundane Reasoning, Commonsense
Reasoning
Commonsense reasoning is also referred to as mundane reasoning. Commonsense reasoning is a term used
by ethnomethodologists, derived from Alfred Schutz
(1899-1959), referring to the practical or everyday reasoning used by members of society
to create and sustain a sense of social reality as being objective, factual, predictable
and external to themselves.
Since the objectivity of the world as a practical
accomplishment is the focus of ethnomethodology this kind of reasoning is a primary topic
of investigation.
Commonsense
Reasoning by Erik T Mueller - A comprehensive exposition of reasoning about
actions and change using the circumscription-based Event Calculus.
- Chitta Baral, Arizona State University
Central to the idea of Artificial Intelligence is getting computers to understand simple
facts about people and everyday lifewhat we call Common Sense. Amid the technical
discussions about inference algorithms and knowledge representation, a larger question
arises: What have we actually learned in the past 30 years about how to put Commonsense
knowledge in computers? Look no further than Erik Mueller's Commonsense Reasoning for a
deep and insightful survey of the state of the art in this topic. Some say that
Commonsense defies logic; here Mueller shows that logic, at least, can put up a good
fight.
-Henry Lieberman, MIT Media Laboratory
Erik Mueller has given the most thorough treatment of common sense knowledge and reasoning
yet to appear.
-John McCarthy, Stanford University
The strength of this book is that it uses a uniform representation formalism, the event
calculus, to solve a variety of commonsense reasoning problems. Researchers will find the
book an inspiring tool which provides many ideas for applications of action formalisms.
Thanks to both the exemplary presentation style and numerous examples, the book is also
well-suited for teachers and students alike.
-Michael Thielscher, Dresden University of Technology
Developing systems that can perform actions and deal with change is a major challenge in
intelligent system design, because it requires the construction of sophisticated models
for knowledge representation and reasoning. This book provides important ideas and methods
which can be used to model commonsense reasoning about events in complex and dynamic
environments. The content is well thought out, and difficult topics are presented in
highly accessible ways. The author tells a compelling story that highlights the utility of
event calculus for applications that require commonsense models of action and change.
-Mary-Anne Williams, University of Technology, Sydney, and Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning Inc.
To endow computers with common sense is one of the major
long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to
formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a
detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event
calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T.
Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He
provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense
reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers.
Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature
with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense
world.
Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and
mental states.
The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus.
Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning,
introducing the event calculus as the best method overall.
Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while
existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves.
Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
Describes software tools that can be downloaded and used for automated commonsense
reasoning, and real-world applications that have been built using the event
calculus.
Features:
Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and
mental states.
Focuses on how to use the event calculus to actually perform commonsense reasoning-other
texts focus only on the formalisms.
Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
Describes software tools that can be downloaded and used for automated commonsense
reasoning, and real-world applications that have been built using the event
calculus.
Learning in Order to Reason: The Approach. SOFSEM: Theory
and Practice of Informatics (1996), D. Roth
Abstract: Any theory aimed at understanding commonsense reasoning, the process that humans
use to cope with the mundane but complex aspects of the world in evaluating everyday
situations, should account for its flexibility, its adaptability, and the speed with which
it is performed. Current theories of reasoning, however, do not satisfy these
requirements, a fact we attribute, at least partly, to their separation from
learning.
While the central role of learning in cognition is widely acknowledged, most lines of
research nevertheless study the phenomenon of ``learning" separately from that of
``reasoning". The work presented here is motivated by the belief that learning is at
the core of any attempt at understanding and computationally modeling high level cognitive
tasks. A formal model for the study of reasoning is developed in which a learning
component has a principal role, and its advantages over traditional formalisms for the
study of reasoning are shown.
This paper presents an integrated theory of learning, knowledge representation and
reasoning within a unified framework called Learning to Reason. The Learning to Reason
framework combines the interfaces to the world used by known learning models with a
reasoning task and a performance criterion suitable for it. It is shown that the framework
efficiently supports ``more reasoning" than traditional approaches and at the same
time matches our expectations of plausible patterns of reasoning. Several results are
presented to substantiate this claim, presenting cases where learning to reason about the
world is feasible but either reasoning from a given representation of the world or
learning representations of the world do not have efficient solutions.
Overall, this framework suggests an ``operational" approach to reasoning, that is
nevertheless rigorous and amenable to analysis. As such, it may be a step toward a
rigorous large-scale empirical study of learning and reasoning.
The paper presents work originally introduced by Khardon and Roth cite{KRl} and surveys
further developments made within this framework more recently.
An architecture of diversity for commonsense reasoning, IBM Systems Journal, vol.
41(3):-
Mccarthy, J., Marvin, M., Sloman, A., Gong, L., Lau, T., Morgenstern, L., Mueller, E.T.,
Riecken, D., Singh, M. and Singh, P.
Abstract: This paper discusses commonsense reasoning and what makes it difficult for
computers. The paper contends that commonsense reasoning is too hard a problem to solve
using any single artificial intelligence technique. A multilevel architecture is proposed
that consists of diverse reasoning and representation techniques that collaborate and
reflect in order to allow the best techniques to be used for the many situations that
arise in commonsense reasoning. Story understanding--specifically, understanding and
answering questions about progressively harder children's texts--is presented as a task
for evaluating and scaling up a commonsense reasoning system.
Mundane Reasoning
Mundane reasoning by parallel constraint satisfaction - Mark Derthick
Publisher Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Mundane Reasoning - Melvin Pollner
Philosophy of the Social Sciences.1974. Melvin Pollner examined the ways in which
this reality – the ordinarily unquestioned conviction of “an ‘out
there,’ ‘public’ or ‘objective’ world” – is produced
and sustained in ordinary interaction. - From:
universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/melvinpollner.html
This work on mundane reasoning is remarkable on several counts. First, Mel turned these
issues from airy philosophical speculations to grounded empirical studies, examining the
actual uses of mundane reason in an ordinary setting, a municipal traffic court. Traffic
court provided instance after instance of conflicting claims or accounts about what had
“really happened.” Second, he shifted the center of gravity for thinking about
the constructed nature of reality from marginal comments on the deviant and peripheral to
the recurrent everyday interactions of ordinary people and institutional actors. Prior
scholarship had treated as pathological or curiosities those who did not consistently
recognize one objective real world shared in common – out-of-contact others like
schizophrenics, developmental others like Piaget’s infants who had not yet learned
object-constancy, culturally alien others like the Azande or the Yaqui. In contrast, Mel
showed how the very same problems in recognizing and sustaining a sense of an objective
reality routinely arose and were handled in ordinary, everyday exchanges in traffic court
through the processes of mundane reasoning.
Mel argued that mundane reason’s assumption of the objectivity of the world generated
everyday puzzles or anomalies on the order of “how come he saw it and you did
not?” If there is one real world available to all, how can two people see or
experience it differently? But mundane reason also provided ways of resolving these
nascent reality disjunctions while preserving the notion of one common real world;
notably, by “discrediting one version as the product of a faulted or inadequate
method of observing the world” (e.g., hallucination, paranoia, bias, blindness,
deafness, false consciousness). In an article published with Lynn Wikler in 1985, Mel
provided a detailed case study of these processes of reality construction by analyzing how
a family produced and sustained a version of their five year old daughter as of normal
intelligence and verbal competence against clinical diagnoses of profound retardation.
Mundane reasoning by settling on a plausible model
Source Artificial Intelligence archive, Volume 46 , Issue 1-2 (November 1990)
Author M. Derthick - Publisher Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd. Essex, UK
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