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DEVELOPMENTAL CRIME PREVENTION
Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2012, situational crime prevention, effective guardianship, developmental crime prevention, Community Crime Prevention
Developmental crime prevention is an approach to crime prevention which focuses on
the way a crime occurs or a victimization happens.
For example, the community may focus on helping teachers develop self-control in
young people, providing follow-up on violent behaviour by young people or educating the
public to make their property more secure.
In general developmental crime prevention approach to crime prevention tries to
prevent the development of a motivated offender.
Developmental Crime Prevention
Richard E. Tremblay, Wendy M. Craig - Crime and Justice, Vol. 19, Building a Safer
Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention (1995), pp. 151-236
Abstract: Prevention experiments with children have targeted the development of antisocial
behavior and confirm the hypothesis that early childhood factors are important precursors
of delinquent behavior and that a cumulative effect model best fits the data. Experiments
have aimed to prevent criminal behavior or one of three important delinquency risk
factors: socially disruptive behavior, cognitive deficits, and poor parenting. Experiments
with juvenile delinquency as an outcome demonstrate that positive results are more likely
when interventions are aimed at more than one risk factor, last for a relatively long
period of time, and are implemented before adolescence. Experiments featuring early
childhood interventions with socially disruptive behavior, cognitive deficits, or
parenting as an outcome generally have positive effects. The majority of studies,
small-scale confirmation or replication experiments, need to be followed by large-scale
field experiments that test the efficacy and cost of implementation in regular service
systems. - jstor.org
Developmental and early intervention approaches to crime prevention
ISSN 1448-1383 1 July 2003
View paper (HTML) - http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/crm/crm004t.html
PDF print version (PDF 118kB) - http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/crm/crm004.pdf
Abstract: Developmental and early intervention strategies for the reduction and prevention
of crime can operate across all three levels of prevention: primary, secondary and
tertiary.
Developmental prevention is intervention early in developmental pathways that may lead to
the emergence and recurrence of criminal behaviours and other social problems. It does not
just mean early in life, although inevitably many of the critical moments for effective
intervention will occur during the early years.
Developmental prevention emphasises investment in strategies and programs for creating
"child friendly" institutions and communities. It also focuses on the
manipulation of multiple risk and protective factors at crucial transition points across a
lifetime. Such points can be around birth, the preschool years, the transition from
primary to secondary school, and subsequent transitions to higher education, employment,
and so on.
In Australia, developmental prevention programs typically cover areas such as parenting
and early childhood support, health care assistance and home help, literacy training and
alternative learning programs, anti-bullying initiatives in schools, programs addressing
violence reduction, self-esteem and self-empowerment development and training, job skills
training and development, establishment of theatre and arts groups, sport and youth
centres for recreation, and early school-leavers' programs.
The growing interest in developmental and early intervention for the prevention and
reduction of crime is mainly driven by two closely related factors:
frustration at the apparent failure of conventional strategies to prevent the long-term
growth and recurrence of crime in the community; and
evidence from a small number of well researched and evaluated initiatives which strongly
suggest that significant long-term benefits (particularly financial) will accrue from
effective developmental and early intervention programs.
The most significant challenge for developmental and early intervention crime prevention
remains moving the research evidence into effective everyday programs.
Homel, R. et al. 1999, Pathways to Prevention: Developmental and Early Intervention
Approaches to Crime in Australia, Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department, Canberra.
Tremblay, R.E., and W. Craig 1995 Developmental crime prevention.
“Developmental and Early Intervention Approaches to Crime Prevention” - Dr
Linda Gilmore, Psychologist and Senior Lecturer, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Australia
Dr Linda Gilmore is a developmental psychologist who lectures in educational and
developmental psychology and disability at Queensland University of Technology in
Brisbane, Australia. She holds undergraduate degrees in psychology and education, a
Master’s degree in educational psychology and a Doctor of Philosophy in special
education. Dr Gilmore is a member of the
Developmental Crime Prevention Consortium which produced the 1999 report Pathways to
prevention: Developmental and early intervention approaches to crime in Australia, and is
currently co-authoring a book about developmental approaches to crime and crime policy for
Cambridge University Press. As a psychologist in clinical practice, she has a particular
interest in working with at-risk children and their families to develop effective early
interventions for promoting optimum development, and she has undertaken research across a
range of developmental and disability areas including intellectual disability,
self-regulation, developmental problems and parenting.
Presentation Abstract: This topic addresses the developmental pathways that lead to
criminal behaviour, and considers the evidence base for effective early interventions.
Developmental and early intervention approaches to crime prevention highlights new
directions in developmental prevention. - ncpc.gov.sg/icpc2004/speakers.htm
Community crime prevention is a general category of prevention strategies which focus
on the community itself.
This general category of community crime prevention includes strategies such as ‘developmental crime prevention’,
‘effective guardianship’
or ‘situational crime prevention’.
Situational Crime
Prevention
Situational Crime
Prevention is premised on the belief that most crime
is opportunistic rather than being the outcome of those driven to commit a crime no matter
what.
Situational Crime
Prevention attempts to reduce the opportunities for
crime rather than just relying on the police after the crime has occurred. This approach
is also called ‘effective guardianship’.
Evaluating Situational
Crime Prevention Using a Young People's Survey
Part II Making Sense of the Elite Police Voice
Kate A. Painter and David P. Farrington, Institute of Criminology, University of
Cambridge.
The main aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of improved street lighting on
crime in a local authority housing estate in Dudley, West Midlands. It is argued that high
quality evaluation designs, for example, comparing experimental and control areas and
including before and after measures of crime, are needed to evaluate situational crime
prevention initiatives. Previously, in a design of this kind using household victimization
surveys to measure crime, we demonstrated that crime decreased after the street lighting
was improved. The main aim of this paper is to investigate whether the same results are
obtained in a self-report survey of young people, also given in experimental and control
areas before and after the improved street lighting. It is argued that self-reported
delinquency is a valid and reliable measure of offending. The self-report results
corroborated the victimization survey results in showing that offending decreased in the
experimental area compared to the control area. -
bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/41/2/266
The Politics and Practice
of Situational Crime Prevention
CRIME PREVENTION STUDIES, Volume 5.
Ross Homel, editor, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, New York, U.S.A. 1996. -
popcenter.org/Library/CrimePrevention/Volume%2005/index.htm
Value for money? A review of the costs and
benefits of situational crime prevention
BC Welsh and DP Farrington, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge
In recent years, in the United Kingdom and other industrialized countries, there has been
a growing interest in the economic costs and benefits of efforts to prevent crime. Little
is known, however, about the economic value of the principal strategies. This paper
reviews the costs and benefits of situational crime prevention. Thirteen situational crime
prevention studies permitted the calculation of benefit to cost ratios, enabling an
assessment of programme efficiency. In general, benefits were calculated more
conservatively than costs. There were no consistent relationships between the studies'
benefit-cost ratios and either the primary intervention technique employed or the primary
crime targeted by the intervention. Current knowledge suggests that situational prevention
can be an economically efficient strategy for the reduction of crime. However, future
evaluations need better designs, more adequate estimates of costs and benefits and longer
follow-up periods. - bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/3/345
Serious Criminality at U.S. Colleges and Universities: An Application of the
Situational Perspective
Don Hummer, University of Massachusetts-Lowell
This research builds on data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ Law
Enforcement and Management and Administrative Statistics program, which administered a
questionnaire to larger (enrollment more than 2,500 students) colleges and universities
throughout the United States. The primary focus of the original Bureau of Justice study
was to assess the structure and functions of campus public safety departments. However,
data were also collected on a number of variables indicative of the tenants of situational
crime prevention, as well as data on serious (Part I) offending from the sampled
institutions. This research will help determine whether crime prevention initiatives
derived from the situational perspective are successful in ameliorating serious offending
in the campus environment. - cjp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/391
Reduction of Suicides in Jails and Lockups Through Situational Crime Prevention:
Addressing the Needs of a Transient Population
Christine Tartaro
S.I. Newhouse Center for Law and Justice, Rutgers University, 15 Washington Street, 11th
Floor, Newark, NJ 07102. Phone: 973-353-1954.
The problem of jail suicide has been widely publicized in many articles and corrections
reports, yet seldom is this work organized in a framework. The current paper organizes the
existing literature on suicide in jails and lockups within Clarke's (1997) framework of
situational prevention and Clarke and Lester's (1989) work on suicide prevention. Due to
the transient nature of lockup and jail populations, long-term strategies such as
counseling or other programs may not be feasible. The opportunity-reducing techniques
presented in this paper are tailored toward institutions that are faced with helping
inmates through temporary periods of despair. Suggestions are discussed for reducing
opportunity while attempting to avoid further isolation and depression of inmates. -
jcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/2/235
Ethical and Social Perspectives on Situational Crime Prevention
Edited by Andrew von Hirsch, David Garland and Alison Wakefield
Oxfrod, U.K.: Hart Publishing, 2000
Book Review: As noted on page v of the Preface, “‘Situational crime
prevention’ refers to crime prevention strategies that aim at reducing criminal
opportunities in the routines of everyday life. Methods of situational crime prevention
(SCP) include ‘hardening’ potential targets, improving natural surveillance,
controlling access to property, and deflecting offenders from settings in which crime
might occur.” The editors go on to ask the central question: “‘does SCP
work?’, ‘does it merely displace crime to other locales’1 and ‘do its
assumptions match what we know about prospective offenders and victims?’”. In
fact, one of the many fascinating issues explored in this quite valuable text is the
extent to which SCP practices result in communicating to the public that crime is a normal
risk of everyday life to be managed by the police. Of course, the corollary proposition is
also tested in the course of the twelve chapters: in light of the fact that the police
cannot protect everyone at all times, especially in certain areas and at certain times, to
what extent are “victims” to be blamed if harm is visited upon them?
Quite helpfully, the book begins with this definition of SCP: “… a set of
recipes for steering and channeling behaviour in ways that reduce the occurrence of
criminal events … to use situational stimuli to guide conduct towards lawful
outcomes, preferably in ways that are unobtrusive and invisible to those whose conduct is
affected” (see p. 1 of David Garland’s essay, “Ideas, Institutions and
Situational Crime Prevention”). Further, Professor Garland makes the very good point
that “… SCP offers an account that seems equally simple and straightforward.
Offenders are, for the most part, deemed to be normal, mundane individuals who give in to
temptation as and when criminal opportunities arise. The common sense wisdom of age-old
aphorisms tells us all we need to know: ‘Opportunity makes the thief.’”
(Felson and Clarke, 1999).
The book's first chapter was penned by Professor David Garland and presents a very
interesting historical review of the mostly overlooked or ignored contributions of classic
thinkers on the subject of "older common sense" including Patrick Colquhoun's
propositions to the general effect that crime is often a matter of temptation and
opportunity, that wealth and abundance bring crime in their wake, and "... our
efforts to control crime should focus upon reducing the occasions and opportunities for
crime events rather than trying to change criminal dispositions", not omitting that
policing must seek to prevent crime by improving security, hardening targets and reducing
the exposure of potential victims" (refer to p. 3).
I also wish to highlight the significant contributions found on pages 4 and 5 regarding
the historical rise of "criminal justice" including repressive sanctions as a
means of ensuring crime control. As expressed on page 4, "By the start of the 20th
century, the idea of crime prevention had shifted to become what we now term social
prevention rather than the situational prevention advocated by Colquhoun."
Following this excellent initial chapter, the editors selected a no less valuable
contribution by R.A. Duff and S.E. Marshall entitled “Benefits, Burdens and
Responsibilities: Some Ethical Dimensions of Situational Crime Prevention”. Of note,
although the authors did not seek to advance neat conclusions or to determine which
particular kinds of SCP were ethically acceptable, they do offer quite instructive
insights respecting the normative perspective that should structure “an ethics of
SCP”, as noted on page 18. Moreover, page 19 provides what might be described as a
bedrock analytical question: “… we must ask not only which SCP measures
efficiently reduce crime, but also whether those measures are consistent with the rights
(or other non-consequentialist values) that should constrain our pursuit of the goal of
crime reduction.” In the ultimate analysis, the authors posit, “… an
inquiry into ‘the ethics of SCP’ should attend not only to the
cost-effectiveness of SCP measures, and to their consistency with independent moral
side-constraints, but also to their intrinsic appropriateness to the ends that they should
be designed to serve, and to their meanings.” I also wish to point out, quite
briefly, the interesting discussion on selective incapacitation found on pages
28-31.2
The third contribution, written by Professor John Kleinig is entitled “The Burdens of
Situational Crime Prevention: An Ethical Commentary” and is found on pages 37-58. In
summary, this essay makes plain that certain elements of the case for SCP appear to
inflate the potential benefits of this development and, in addition, that there is a fear
that this means of crime reduction might contribute to the development of an unpalatable
social vision. As set out on page 40, it appears to be taken for granted that with SCP
“... the breakdown, absence, or depersonalization of social trust as a given. If
anything, it increases the depersonalization. It is skeptical of attempts to change
dispositions (“human nature”), seeing only failure or very limited success in
past attempts to achieve such change.”3 This essay is detailed and thought provoking
and generates many interesting questions from the viewpoint of both libertarians and
communitarians and suggests, with vigorous argumentation, that it is neither necessary nor
wise to attempt to erect SCP as a separate field of crime reduction set against more
traditional strategies of crime prevention as it ought to be viewed as a complementary
development.
The next two chapters were penned by Andrew von Hirsch, the second with the collaboration
of Professor Clifford Shearing. In the first instance, “The Ethics of Public
Television Surveillance”, the first named editor of this text makes a cogent and
compelling case for a coherent ethical code to regulate public television surveillance to
ensure adequate limits and proper use of this quite invasive and permanent technique of
surveillance that may be of assistance in preventing crime but that may, if left
unchecked, result in needless victimization. I recommend in particular the discussion on
pages 62-65 touching upon the identification of the underlying privacy interests and the
imperatives associated with the fundamental quality of life issue of promoting our ability
to remain anonymous. Turning to the next contribution, “Exclusion From Public
Space” (pp. 77-96), it furthers and completes the discussion touching upon the
typical exercise of this power, typically directed against a young male, often a member of
a visible minority by which I mean both inherent qualities such as an individual’s
colour and situational or contingent elements such as being visibly poor or marginalized,
that all of the prior contributors alluded to or addressed in passing. The discussion
begins by situating the historical roots of the distinction between private and public
spaces, to then provide a contemporary orientation to the emerging phenomenon of
apparently public space being in fact private, and subject to exclusionary rules.
“Exclusion From Public Space” then guides us in respect of the thorny issue of
the status of mass private property. The authors are successful in explaining the multiple
controversies that arise in respect to efforts at exclusion by means of numerous examples
to then illustrate with particular acumen the nature of profile-based exclusions versus
exclusions based on previous criminal offending. Lastly, I wish to point to the merits of
the discussion pertaining to the need for a conceptual framework regarding the delineation
of the rules governing exclusion.
Ronald V. Clarke’s essay, “Situational Prevention, Criminology, and Social
Values” is the next contribution to be reviewed. The learned author addresses
directly the various recent lines criticism directed at SCP, notably the concern that too
little importance is assigned to the social and psychological determinants of criminal
motivation. As recorded on pages 98-99, Dr. Clarke argues “… that the harmful
consequences of situational prevention can often be anticipated, and with care can also be
avoided or ameliorated. As for the criticism of values [he] argues that this reflects the
preferences of most criminologists for social reform over opportunity
reduction…” In his view, opportunity reduction ought to attract the attention of
most criminologists as equally as do the other fields of study that they pursue. The most
significant element of his contribution is found on page 100. Table 1 provides examples of
the main approaches to SCP, divided between “Increasing perceived effort”,
“Reducing anticipated rewards”, “Increasing perceived risks” and
“Removing excuses”. In addition, noteworthy is the discussion found on pages
101-102 regarding the question of displacement, always topical when addressing SCP.
Chapter 7, “Situational Prevention: Social Values and Social Viewpoints”, by
Joanna Shapland, emphasises the need for opportunity reduction measures that are properly
targeted to real crime problems and for a means or method of regular review. Her
contribution is remarkable for her exploration of the theoretical basis of SCP and its
acceptability in use and, more particularly, for her ability in examining the potential
contributions of SCP as seen from a variety of perspectives, notably the issue of
exclusion as seen from communities and from the viewpoint of criminologists. In closing, I
note the submission she advances on page 121 to the effect that “… SCP does not
itself contain the ethical boundaries and constraints necessary to set acceptable limits
to the choice of techniques to apply.”
The next chapter was penned by Dr. Alison Wakefield. Entitled “Situational Crime
Prevention in Mass Private Property”, it represents a portion of her doctoral
research and dissertation, later published under the title Selling Security The Private
Policing of Public Space [Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2003]. In particular, her
contribution drew on case studies of three publicly-accessible areas of mass private
property to discuss the function of security guards and how they go about fulfilling their
roles. As shown, the three sites revealed work patterns marked by multi-faceted tasks and
responsibilities and these are explored quite ably under the rubrics of
“housekeeping, customer care, prevention of crime and of nuisance behaviour, rule
enforcement and the use of sanctions, responses to emergencies and crimes in progress and,
finally, gathering and sharing of information”. Of note, although the paper was
written before the events of September 9, 2001, the attention paid to potential acts of
terrorism is quite impressive, denoting the British experience with terrorism, as made
plain in particular on page 137.
The purpose pursued by Professor David J. Smith who authored the next chapter,
“Changing Situations and Changing People” (Chapter 9), was to show that theory
can progress only by going beyond simple contrasts and by exploring the links between
apparently oppositional terms such as an offender’s long term
‘dispositions’ and features of the immediate situation that make offending more
or less likely. As we read on page 148, one of the interesting questions raised by this
article concerns the origins of SCP, and how these have led to a too narrow a focus on the
immediate effects of situations. I note as well the quite helpful table (see p. 151)
detailing three related sets of contrasting terms embracing positivism and classicism.
Noteworthy as well is the superb discussion of the impact and importance of psychology on
the question of SCP (pp. 154-159).4 This chapter impressed me with the number of examples
suggesting that in many instances, SCP may be criticized as simply removing sweets from
the reach of children as opposed to instructing them on the proper time and place for
sweets, especially when considering the issue of evasion of fares, speed cameras, and the
question of graffiti.5 Finally, I wish to underline the value of the overall discussion
suggesting that scholars have tended to understate the importance of situations.
The themes explored by Dr. Smith are further illuminated in Chapter 10, “For a
Sociological Theory of Situations (Or How Useful is Pragmatic Criminology?” by
Professors Tim Hope and Richard Sparks. In essence, we are made to understand that there
is a significant potential for inhibiting the potential flowering of SCP as a result of a
too great emphasis being placed on pragmatic imperatives associated with this strategy and
its partner in crime prevention, the routine activities theory (RAT). By means of their
sociological theory of situations, the authors attempt to guide future and further
development of SCP and of RAT, insisting throughout on the importance of not overlooking
the political implications of any such progressive measures. As we read on page 179,
“… we need to ask whether there is a necessary homology between certain
preventative practices and certain forms of politics and modes of urban governance.”6
Ultimately, although they provide only an “agenda for enquiry”, as noted on page
189, it is an ambitious undertaking and one well worth our attention and interest for they
are surely correct to claim that any “…eschewing of the wider domains of social
and political theory may turn out not to be good enough in the longer run for an approach
which self-consciously makes a claim to practicality.”
The penultimate chapter, by Professor Adam Crawford, explores the vertical relations
between a government and the governed and the horizontal social relations and interactions
between people bound together in close proximate spaces or localities. In this respect,
“Situational Crime Prevention, Urban Governance and Trust Relations” seeks to
draw attention to the largely ignored cultural and social implications associated with the
rise of SCP. In my estimation, although the essay is valuable in many respects, it will no
doubt be referred to most often by reason of its signal contributions to our understanding
of trust relationships. Indeed, although the discussion surrounding localizing pressures
juxtaposed to globalising tendencies is illuminating and the review of the paradox of an
often inverse relationship between activity and need with regard to SCP is striking, not
to speak of the concern surrounding the “blame the victim” elements that will
arise with increased governmental reliance on technology and managing crime and risk from
a distance within a partnership with citizens,7 the lasting contribution of this splendid
essay is found on pages 204-209 which touch upon the subject of trust and transformations
in trust and the analysis suggesting that SCP may be inimical to the development and
fostering of trust. Noteworthy is the passage found on page 208: “Interestingly,
‘trust in abstract systems’ may increase the importance ‘trust in
persons’. Thus, relations may become increasingly characterised by both more and less
trust: more interpersonal trust and less impersonal trust.”8
The final contribution is offered by Professor David Garland, whose essay “The New
Criminologies of Everyday Life: Routine Activity Theory in Historical and Social
Context” completes his initial thoughts as couched in the opening essay, “Ideas,
Institutions and Situational Crime Prevention.” He begins by stating this fundamental
verity:
Criminological theory has adapted in interesting ways to the structural conditions of late
modernity – conditions in which high crime rates are a normal social fact and the
limited effectiveness of criminal justice is widely acknowledged. The most fundamental
aspect of this development has been the shift in the discipline’s focus away from
theories of social deprivation (or relative deprivation) towards explanations couched in
terms of social control and its deficits. ‘Control’ is the defining term of the
new problematic – social control, self-control, situational control – and
criminologies that are otherwise quite opposed nowadays share this common
problem-space…9 (p. 215)
Professor Garland goes on to contrast and compare the characteristics of routine activity
with the work of David Marza and we are offered what amounts to a riveting and in-depth
review of Marcus Felson’s revised text (1994) Crime and Everyday Life and of the
theoretical reorientation that would shift criminology’s object of study from the
criminal individual or disorganized group to the criminal event and the criminogenic
situation.
In the final analysis, this text is quite useful in identifying and discussing the general
ethics and social aspects of SCP and, in particular, the strategies that have been
successful and the values that have been upheld and not compromised by the imperatives of
police work. Although much has been written on the subject of SCP since its publication,
nothing detracts from its contemporary utility and contributions to the ever-growing
debate on the ethics and social foundations that ground situational crime prevention.10
Gilles Renaud, Ontario Court of Justice - (ccja-acjp.ca/en/cjcr100/cjcr156.html).
Effective guardianship
Effective guardianship is an aspect of the routine activities
approach to understanding crime and in particular victimization.
This approach argues that three key factors are required for
crime to happen: a motivated offender, a suitable
target, and ineffective guardianship of that target.
Effective guardianship would include having locks on bikes,
security lights in the backyard, or putting goods in the trunk of the car. Measures like
this should reduce the risk of being victimized.
Crime occurs when there is an intersection in time and space
of a motivated offender, an attractive target, and a lack of capable guardianship.
People’s daily routine activities affect the likelihood they will be an attractive
target who encounters an offender in a situation where no effective guardianship is
present. Changes in routine activities in society (e.g., women working) can affect crime
rates.
Using Random Utility Maximization Models to Explain
Location Choice of Offenders - ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/denver2002/Bernasco.ppt
Wim Bernasco (Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement) - The
Sixth Annual International Crime Mapping Research Conference
A theory of location choice of criminal activities attempts to explain why motivated
offenders commit crimes at the places they do, instead of elsewhere. This paper argues
that the integration of random utility maximization theory and the (statistical)
conditional logit model makes it possible to test simultaneously both location-based and
offender-based factors, without assuming a random spatial distribution of either criminal
opportunities or offenders. The project hypothesizes that for each individual the
probability of choosing a particular neighborhood is a positive function of the wealth of
the neighborhood, the absence of effective guardianship in the neighborhood, and the
proximity of the neighborhood to his own neighborhood.
Male peer support and a feminist routing activities theory: Understanding sexual
assault on the college campus
Authors: Schwartz, Martin; DeKeseredy, Walter; Tait, David; Alvi, Shahid
Source: Justice Quarterly, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2001, pp. 623-649(27)
Abstract: Routine activities theorists traditionally have assumed offenders' motivation
and victims' suitability from demographic correlates, and have done little to study
effective guardianship. In this paper we ask questions directly of male date rape
offenders to test the proposal that male peer support provides motivation; we ask
lifestyle questions directly of both female victims and male offenders; and we discuss the
extent to which abusive peers eliminate guardianship. Data from the Canadian National
Survey support routine activities theory, and show that men who drink two or more times a
week and have male peers who support both emotional violence and physical violence are
nearly 10 times as likely to admit to being sexual aggressors as men who have none of
these three traits. - ingentaconnect.com
Specifying the Influence of Family and Peers on Violent Victimization
Extending Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theories
Christopher J. Schreck, Rochester Institute of Technology
Bonnie S. Fisher, University of Cincinnati
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 19, No. 9, 1021-1041 (2004) DOI:
10.1177/0886260504268002 © 2004 SAGE Publications
The fact that crime and victimization share similar correlates suggests that family and
peer contexts are potentially useful for explaining individual differences in violent
victimization. In this research, we used routine activities and lifestyles frameworks to
reveal how strong bonds of family attachment can promote more effective guardianship while
simultaneously making children less attractive as targets and limiting their exposure to
motivated offenders. Conversely, the routine activities perspective suggests that exposure
to delinquent peers will enhance risk. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of
Adolescent Health (Add Health), we found that family and peer context variables do
correspond with a higher risk of violent victimization among teenagers, net controls for
unstructured and unsupervised activities and demographic characteristics. The role of
family and peer group characteristics in predicting victimization risk suggests new
theoretical directions for victimization research. -
jiv.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/9/1021
Compulsory treatment of alcoholism: the case against
Authors: MacAvoy, Michael1; Flaherty, Bruce1
Source: Drug and Alcohol Review, 1990, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 267-271(5)
Abstract: The need for compulsory detention in the management of alcohol-dependent persons
is reviewed with a particular focus on legislation in New South Wales (NSW). It is argued
that there is no justification for the severe loss of civil liberties in order to provide
a general power of involuntary alcoholism treatment since such treatment is basically
ineffective and in any case little treatment is actually given to those detained. The
selective operation of the NSW Inebriates Act (in terms of class and race biases) is
noted. The special circumstances of those who suffer severe alcohol-related brain damage
and those who are in acute life-threatening circumstances are discussed. It is suggested
that these cases are adequately covered by existing Mental Health and Guardianship
legislation, obviating the need for special legislation such as an Inebriates Act. ....
effective guardianship legislation before repeal ... - ingentaconnect.com
The Span of Collective Efficacy: Extending Social Disorganization Theory to Partner
Violence
Christopher R. Browning
Journal of Marriage and Family, Volume 64 Issue 4 Page 833 - November 2002
doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00833.x Volume 64 Issue 4
This research applies the social disorganization perspective on the neighborhood-level
determinants of crime to partner violence. The analysis brings data from the 1990
Decennial Census together with data from the 1994–1995 Project on Human Development
in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey, the 1994–1995 Chicago homicide data, and
data from the 1995–1997 Chicago Health and Social Life Survey. The findings of this
study indicate that collective efficacy—neighborhood cohesion and informal social
control capacity—is negatively associated with both intimate homicide rates and
nonlethal partner violence. Collective efficacy exerts a more powerful regulatory effect
on nonlethal violence in neighborhoods where tolerance of intimate violence is low.
Collective efficacy also increases the likelihood that women will disclose conflict in
their relationships to various potential sources of support. - An emphasis on the
crime-inhibiting role of effective guardianship rooted in collective efficacy suggests
that socially organized neighborhoods should exert ... - blackwell-synergy.com
Conventional Crime (From Criminology: A Canadian Perspective, P 242-269, 1987, Rick
Linden, ed. -- See NCJ-108160)
Author(s): D J Koenig
Hindelang and associates have developed a lifestyle/exposure theory to explain the
correlates of crime against persons, and Cohen and Felson have extended the theory to
property crimes.
Abstract: According to this perspective, the probability of criminal victimization varies
by time, space, and social setting and by the extent to which routine activities increase
target suitability and reduce effective guardianship. The patterns and correlates of
conventional crimes are consistent with this approach. Crimes against property tend to be
committed disproportionately against those whose lifestyle leave their possessions least
effectively guarded. Crimes against persons have some different correlates than do crimes
against property, but most of these differences are consistent with the lifestyle/exposure
theory. For typical crimes, victims (and offenders) are most likely to be young, male, and
engage in evening activities away from home. Thus, their lifestyles place them in social
settings with a higher risk of criminal victimization. Strategies for crime control
consistent with this theory would include those to increase effective guardianship and
reduce the availability of motivated offenders. ... increase target suitability and reduce
effective guardianship. ... - ncjrs.gov/app/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=108172
Routine Activities Impending Social Change and Policing
Journal: Canadian Police College Journal Volume:7 Issue:2 Dated:(1983) Pages:96-136
Author(s): D J Koenig ; E P DeBeck
This article discusses selected socioeconomic trends which should be of concern to the
police manager in producing long-range forecasts which entail assumptions about future
social trends and their impact on crime trends and policing functions.
Abstract: After revealing inconsistent data support for the
conventional wisdom relating crime rates to urbanization, population, age structure, and
economic factors, a theoretical framework is provided whereby changing crime patterns are
viewed as a normal response to changing routine activities of society that affect the
motivation of potential offenders, target suitability, and effective guardianship of
people and their property (formal and informal social controls). A discussion of the
necessity of differentiating short-term fluctuations from long-range trends is followed by
a forecast of various social trends expected to affect crime patterns to the year 2000.
Highly probable changes include relative economic deterioration, centralization, public
sector fiscal restraint, innovations in the computer and telecommunications industries,
continuing increases in the private security industry, a continuing boom in economic
crime, population redistribution away from central Canada, intensified
metropolitanization, and a trend for more activities to take place outside the home. The
effects of such social trends on target suitability, motivated offenders, and effective
guardianship are outlined. Implications for various aspects of policing operations are
drawn. ... target suitability, and effective guardianship of people and their property ...
- ncjrs.gov/app/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=92157
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