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ETHNOCENTRISM

Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2012, Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the assumption that the culture of one's own group is moral, right and rational and that other cultures are inferior.

When confronted with a different culture, individuals judge it with reference to their own standards and make no attempt to understand and evaluate it from the perspective of its members.

Sometimes ethnocentrism will be combined with racism, the belief that individuals can be classified into distinct racial groups and that that there is a biologically-based hierarchy of these races.

In principle, however, one can reject a different culture without in any way assuming the inherent inferiority of its members.

Implicit and Explicit Ethnocentrism: Revisiting the Ideologies of Prejudice 
William A. Cunningham, Yale University, John B. Nezlek, College of William & Mary 
Mahzarin R. Banaji, Harvard University 
Two studies investigated relationships among individual differences in implicit and explicit prejudice, right-wing ideology, and rigidity in thinking. The first study examined these relationships focusing on White Americans’ prejudice toward Black Americans. The second study provided the first test of implicit ethnocentrism and its relationship to explicit ethnocentrism by studying the relationship between attitudes toward five social groups. Factor analyses found support for both implicit and explicit ethnocentrism. In both studies, mean explicit attitudes toward out groups were positive, whereas implicit attitudes were negative, suggesting that implicit and explicit prejudices are distinct; however, in both studies, implicit and explicit attitudes were related (r = .37, .47). Latent variable modeling indicates a simple structure within this ethnocentric system, with variables organized in order of specificity. These results lead to the conclusion that (a) implicit ethnocentrism exists and (b) it is related to and distinct from explicit ethnocentrism. - psp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/10/1332

Ethnocentrism, Social Identification, and Discrimination 
Stéphane Perreault, Richard Y. Bourhis 
In line with social identity theory (SIT), minimal group paradigm (MGP) studies have shown that high in-group identifiers discriminate more than low in-group identifiers. But why do some people identify more to their ad hoc group in the MGP? One week prior to a MGP study, 121 undergraduates completed scales assessing their ethnocentrism, authoritarianism, and personal need for structure. In Phase 2, the same participants took part in a MGP study in which us-them categorization was either assigned randomly or was chosen. Participants who chose their group membership identified more with their own group and discriminated more than respondents randomly assigned to their group. Path analysis showed that ethnocentrism and perception of control over group ascription predicted degree of in-group identification, which in turn, was positively related to discriminatory behavior. - psp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/1/92

Social conditions, authoritarianism and ethnocentrism: a theoretical model of the early Frankfurt School updated and tested - P. SCHEEPERS, A. FELLING and J. PETERS 
Katholicke Universiteit, Sociologisch Instituut Postbus 9108, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 
To explain ethnocentrism in the Netherlands, a classic model derived from theoretical notions of prominent members of the Frankfurt School is updated and tested with data of a national sample of Dutch respondents (N = 1799). It appears that authoritarianism is a far more important predictor of ethnocentrism than predictors related to one's social condition, although the latter are not insignificant. In turn, authoritarianism is predicted by education, age, social class, church involvement and status-anxiety. - esr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/15

The Evolution of Ethnocentrism - Ross A. Hammond, Department of Political Science, Robert Axelrod, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 
Ethnocentrism is a nearly universal syndrome of attitudes and behaviors, typically including in-group favoritism. Empirical evidence suggests that a predisposition to favor in-groups can be easily triggered by even arbitrary group distinctions and that preferential cooperation within groups occurs even when it is individually costly. The authors study the emergence and robustness of ethnocentric behaviors of in-group favoritism, using an agent-based evolutionary model. They show that such behaviors can become widespread under a broad range of conditions and can support very high levels of cooperation, even in one-move prisoner’s dilemma games. When cooperation is especially costly to individuals, the authors show how ethnocentrism itself can be necessary to sustain cooperation. - jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/6/926

Ethnocentrism as a Form of Intuition in Psychology - Thomas Teo, Angela R. Febbraro 
Ethnocentrism is conceptualized as a basic Kantian form of intuition that plays aknowledge-producing role. Although all cultures have developed their particular forms of intuition, the focus of this analysis is on Western ethnocentrism, which is discussed in four psychological manifestations. The most explicit expression of Western ethnocentrism in academia is scientific racism, which has been an important research program in the history of the science of mental life. Another manifestation of ethnocentrism as a form of intuition in Western psychology is researchers’ prejudices, which play a significant role in the context of discovery. Besides these two explicit manifestations of ethnocentrism, a hidden one is analyzed, which expresses itself in terms of exclusion or disregard of non-Western views, or in their assimilation without a reconceptualization of mental life. In this type of ethnocentrism it is assumed that Western psychological conceptualizations are superior. - tap.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/5/673

Consumer Ethnocentrism Offline and Online: The Mediating Role of Marketing Efforts and Personality Traits in the United States, South Korea, and India 
Hyokjin Kwak, Trina Larsen, Drexel University, Anupam Jaju, George Mason University 
Consumer ethnocentrism is an important concept that is used to understand international marketing phenomena. In this article, the authors conduct two empirical studies. Using consumer data from the United States, South Korea, and India (three diverse cultural and economic environments), they explore six hypotheses. In Stage 1, the results suggest that across all three countries, consumer ethnocentrism provokes negative attitudes toward both foreign advertisements and foreign products. The authors identify a set of consumer variables (i.e., consumers' global mind-set) that may mediate consumers' unfavorable attitudes toward foreign advertisements and products derived by consumer ethnocentrism. In Stage 2, the authors find that consumer ethnocentrism dampens consumers' online consumption activities on a foreign Web site. Finally, the authors find that marketers'e-mail communications to foreign consumers mediate consumer ethnocentrism in online environments. - jam.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/3/367

Domestic Country Bias, Country-of-Origin Effects, and Consumer Ethnocentrism: A Multidimensional Unfolding Approach - George Balabanis, Adamantios Diamantopoulos 
This study uses a multidimensional unfolding approach to examine the preference patterns of U.K. consumers for domestic products and those originating from specific foreign countries for eight product categories. Results indicate that the observed variability in preferences is linked to consumer ethnocentrism. However, the latter’s capability in explaining consumer bias in favor of domestic products is dependent both on the specific country of origin and the particular product category. - jam.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/80

Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and the New World Order - M. Brewster Smith 
Board of Studies in Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz.
In the aftermath of the collapse of Soviet Communism and the Gulf War, this article takes stock of what psychology might contribute to understanding events that we did not expect. The disturbing news is the persistent vitality of ethnocentrism-also known as nationalism and tribalism. Against the background of the World War II "Psychologists' Manifesto" and the 1986 "Seville Statement on Violence," the article suggests a partly evolutionary, partly humanistic interpretation, and draws on William James's "Moral Equivalent for War" in considering implications for social policy. - jhp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/4/76

Ethnocentrism, Social Theory and Non-Western Sociologies of Religion 
Toward a Confucian Alternative - James V. Spickard, University of Redlands, California 
The sociology of religion claims to possess a cross-culturally valid objectivity that is belied by its paradigm shifts in both classical and recent times. Its sequential emphasis on such issues as the changing bases of religious authority, secularization and rational choice depends in large part on Western models of religion, of the relationship between the individual and society, and on key Western values. These are not shared by other traditions. Classical Confucianism provides sociological models, core concepts and values that are distinctly different from those of the West. It has the potential to generate a sociology of religion altogether unlike the one to which we are accustomed. This article begins the task of outlining such a potential sociology. - iss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/173  

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