Books, E-Books Great Discounts

INCIDENCE

Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2011, Prevalence, Incidence, epidemiology

Incidence is a contrasting term to prevalence. Incidence tells us the frequency of occurrence of some event during a particular time period. For example there were 581 criminal homicides in 1997, or the rate of crime for one year is higher than for the previous year.

Incidence is the number of new cases of a condition, symptom, death, or injury that arise during a specific period of time, such as in a year. It is often expressed as a percentage of a population (for example, 25% of Americans were diagnosed with the flu in 2002). Incidence shows the likelihood that a person in that population will be affected by the condition.

Incidence proportion, known as cumulative incidence, is the number of new cases within a specified time period divided by the size of the population initially at risk. The incidence rate is the number of new cases per unit of person-time at risk.

Cumulative incidence is the incidence calculated using a period of time during which all of the individuals in the population are considered to be at risk for the outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the incidence proportion.

The term prevalence, in epidemiology,  tells us about the number of particular events in the community. AIDS for example may be very prevalent (the total number with this syndrome) but the incidence (new cases) is going down each year. The prevalence of a disease in a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the disease in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population.

Lifetime prevalence is the number of individuals in a statistical population that at some point in their life have experienced a disorder, compared to the total number of individuals. A 12-month prevalence is used in conjunction with lifetime prevalence.

Examples of incidence studies:

Differentials in the incidence of births while on welfare: Evidence from Maryland
Ahmed, Ashraf U., Hill, Robert B.
Abstract: The welfare debate in Maryland centers on births while on public assistance. Differentials in the incidence of births while on welfare were studied using Quality Control data for the 1991-1992 period. The results show that around one-quarter of recipient children were born on welfare and that there were higher rates of such births amongst young mothers with less than high-school education, who had never married, and were Baltimore residents.

Changes in the Incidence and Duration of Periods without Insurance
David M. Cutler, Ph.D., and Alexander M. Gelber, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT: Background Policymakers have recently proposed ways of providing health care coverage for an increased number of uninsured persons. However, there are few data that show how the incidence and duration of periods in which persons do not have insurance have changed over time.

Diabetes Incidence Based on Linkages With Health Plans: The Multiethnic Cohort
Gertraud Maskarinec, Eva Erber, Andrew Grandinetti, Martijn Verheus, Robert Oum, Beth N. Hopping, Mark M. Schmidt, Aileen Uchida, Deborah Taira Juarez, Krista Hodges and Laurence N. Kolonel
Abstract: OBJECTIVE Using the Hawaii component of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC), we estimated diabetes incidence among Caucasians, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians.
CONCLUSIONS Within this multiethnic population, diabetes incidence was twofold higher in Japanese Americans and Native Hawaiians than in Caucasians. The significant interaction of ethnicity with BMI and education suggests ethnic differences in diabetes etiology. - © 2009 by the American Diabetes Association. - diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/8/1732.abstract

Participation in Operation Starting Line, Experience of Negative Emotions, and Incidence of Negative Behavior
Kent R. Kerley, Todd L. Matthews, Jeffrey T. Schulz
Department of Sociology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box C, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol. 49, No. 4, 410-426 (2005) DOI: 10.1177/0306624X04271195
The prison industry in the United States has experienced an unprecedented period of growth during the past three decades. Growing dissatisfaction with the monetary investment in the criminal justice system, state-level budget constraints, and high recidivism rates have led many criminal justice professionals to rethink issues of offender resocialization and rehabilitation. Faith-based prison programs are increasingly being used as inexpensive methods for potentially improving the institutional behavior of inmates and reducing their likelihood of postrelease arrest. Unfortunately, however, there is little systematic research on this issue. Using data from Mississippi’s largest state prison, the authors explore the relationship between participation in the faith-based prison event, Operation Starting Line, and subsequent experience of negative emotions and incidence of negative behaviors. Descriptive results suggest modest, yet positive, effects of attendance at the event. The article concludes with comments about the potential efficacy of faith-based prison programs and suggestions for future research.

Books, E-Books Great Discounts