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INTERNMENT

Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2012

Internment is segregation and confinement of those who are considered suspicious persons.

"While internment in itself provided limited, if any, security benefits the social and political reaction which internment created far outweighed this. As a result violence increase for the rest of the year and the SDLP, the only major Catholic political party in Northern Ireland, refused to become involved in political talks while internment continued. It is clear, however, that the main winners from the introduction of internment were the Provisional IRA, ..."
Bew, P. and Gillespie, G. (1994) Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles 1969-1993 

Internment Without Trial; The Lessons from the United States, Northern Ireland & Israel FERGAL F. DAVIS, University of Sheffield, School of Law 
Abstract: Internment without trial is neither novel nor normal; it is an emergency measure, which has regularly been employed. As a result, internment has a long, if not distinguished, history. Through an examination of that history, this article aims to identify some of the difficulties associated with the application of a policy of internment. Due to the ongoing use of internment around the world, this exercise is, in and of itself, a useful one. However, following the introduction of the Anti-Terror Crimes and Security Act 2001, which saw internment reinstated on the UK statute books, this exercise has taken on an increased importance. This article does not aim to consider the new legislation in any detail, but rather it aims to consider previous models and as a result attempt to identify some general lessons which may later be applied to the present situation. - papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=575481

The Internment of Civilians by Belligerent States during the First World War and the Response of the International Committee of the Red Cross 
Matthew Stibbe, Sheffield Hallam University 
Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 41, No. 1, 5-19 (2006) © 2006 SAGE Publications
Between 1914 and 1918 several hundred thousand ‘enemy aliens’ were interned by the belligerent nations of the first world war, and many more civilians were trapped behind enemy lines in their own countries. This article looks at the efforts made by the International Committee of the Red Cross and other relief agencies to alleviate the plight of non-combatants held in internment camps. It also examines the dilemmas faced by neutral inspection teams, and asks why the ICRC in particular failed in its attempts to secure equal and humane treatment for civilian prisoners. The conclusion briefly considers the longer-term impact of these developments in the light of the even greater challenges facing the ICRC in the 1920s and beyond.

From Potential Friends to Potential Enemies: The Internment of 'Hostile Foreigners' in France at the Beginning of the Second World War 
Regina Delacor, German Historical Institute, Paris, France 
Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35, No. 3, 361-368 (2000) © 2000 SAGE Publications
After Hitler came to power, France had been one of the most important host countries for emigrants from Germany. In spring 1939 another wave of refugees reached the country after the Spanish Civil War, whereupon the government of Édouard Daladier reacted by building internment camps in the south of France. The Third Republic used this huge potential of human labour and resources for its own economy by creating special colonies and brigades of foreign workers. As a result of external tensions, but also on the basis of the great number of internees, the government prepared to integrate the immigrants in additional foreign units in the French army, thus establishing a common aim of fighting the nazi dictatorship. The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of August 1939 and the outbreak of the second world war caused the French Home Office to do an about-turn. In an atmosphere of anti-communist hysteria, antisemitism and xenophobia, Daladier articulated his mistrust of communists and 'hostile foreigners' and as well as arrests, ordered the mass internment of immigrants originally from the territories of 'Greater Germany'. With such repressive measures the Third Republic robbed itself of the opportunity to use the political ambition of declared enemies of nazism in the fight against persecution and tyranny. - jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/3/361

Civil Rights and Japanese-American Internment. 
Authors: Francis, Greg; Hojo, Samantha; Lai, Selena; Mukai, Gary; Yoda, Steven 
Abstract: Students may not be as familiar with the Asian American struggle for equal rights as they are with the black struggle for equal rights. But Asian Americans' civil rights have also been challenged and/or denied throughout their history in the United States. This curriculum module contains six lessons and can be used as a supplement to history textbooks' coverage of Japanese-American internment or as a self-contained unit on the topic. The six lessons are: (1) "Setting the Context," discusses the definition of civil rights and considers the importance of civil rights in people's lives; (2) "The Immigration Years," introduces students to the Japanese immigration experience in the U.S.; (3) "Prelude to Internment," describes the precarious position Japanese Americans were thrust into following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941; (4) "The Internment Years," provides students with information on events leading up to and including the internment of Japanese Americans from the west coast of the United States; (5) "The Question of Loyalty," discusses the debate surrounding a loyalty questionnaire administered to Japanese Americans in internment camps; and (6) "Legacies of Internment," discusses enduring legacies of the internment experience. Unit also provides educational objectives, learning activities, handouts, materials needed, a detailed procedure, and references. Appended are a bibliography, Web sites, and a glossary. - eric.ed.gov

Rights in Times of Crisis: American Citizens and Internment. 
Authors: West, Jean; Schamel, Wynell Burroughs 
Abstract: Discusses instances of departure from the rights guaranteed to U.S. citizens by the Bill of Rights. Describes the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War and other incidents in which the government denied individual rights. Details teaching activities intended to increase student understanding of such events. Proposes student research topics. - eric.ed.gov

Raising the Red Flag: The Continued Relevance of the Japanese Internment in the Post-Hamdi World - AYA GRUBER, Florida International University - College of Law 
Kansas Law Review, Vol. 54, 2006 
Abstract: In the years since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, the Japanese interment has re-emerged as a topic of serious discourse among legal scholars, politicians, civil libertarians, and society in general. Current national security policies have created concerns that the government has stepped dangerously close to the line crossed by the Roosevelt administration during World War II. Civil libertarians invoke the internment to caution policy-makers against two of the most serious dangers of repressive national security policies: racial decision-making and incarceration without process. Bush defenders advance several arguments in response to internment comparisons. The most conservative is an ardent defense of national security policies and an implicit approval of the internment. The more pervasive response, however, is that "times have changed" such that another internment is impossible or at least highly unlikely, what I term, "distancing arguments." Distancing arguments assert that both the de facto psychology of the nation and the structure of the law now disfavor internment. The problem with such arguments is that they undercut the persuasive force interment reminders. Especially during times of emergency, the idiom of progress is engaged to silence comparisons to past atrocities and allay fears of tyranny. Those who set forth distancing arguments nonetheless feel vindicated by the Supreme Court's decision in Hamdi. This article critically analyzes the claim that the law has progressed since the time the internment by conducting a jurisprudential comparison of the internment cases and terrorism detention cases. Part I of the article discusses post-9/11 invocations of the internment to criticize the current use of state power and the distancing arguments forged in response. Part II reviews the relevant internment and terrorism cases as a preface to a methodological comparison of the laws. Part III deconstructs and analyzes law of war, as set forth by relevant cases, with a particular emphasis on certain jurisprudential choices made by the Court in the interment and terrorism detention cases - choices regarding the constitutionality of wartime citizen detentions, choices on executive unilateralism, choices over judicial review, and choices regarding conditions and length of military detention. By comparing these choices, the article concludes that although in Hamdi, the Supreme Court did close some of the avenues toward oppressive governmental activity forged in the internment cases, the Court nonetheless left several avenues open and even expanded them. Consequently, civil libertarian rejoicing over the "success" of Hamdi is premature, and efforts to banish invocations of the Japanese internment as mere reactionary scare-tactics are unfounded. In fact, given the current legal framework, reminders of the horrors of internment remain highly relevant, as the United States continues to engage regularly in armed conflict and detain thousands of people without regard to constitutional safeguards or criminal process. - search.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=889715

Watching the Watchers: Enemy Combatants in the Internment's Shadow 
JERRY KANG, University of California, Los Angeles - School of Law 
UCLA School of Law Research Paper No. 04-26 
Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 68, p. 255, 2005 
Abstract: In Denying Prejudice: Internment, Redress, and Denial (2004), I tried to further a careful remembering of the internment as precedent and parable by holding the judiciary to account. The accounting was for what it did not only in the 1940s internment cases decided by the Supreme Court, but also the less well-known 1980s coram nobis cases decided in the Ninth Circuit. My objective was to unmask the sophistic ways that the judiciary avoided accountability for the racist civil rights disaster. Using techniques often praised as minimalist, the judiciary in the 1940s avoided accountability on the part of the President and the Congress. With a straight face, the Court held that the internment camps were never authorized by the political branches; rather, they were an ultra vires frolic committed by a civilian agency called the War Relocation Authority. 
I also showed how, in the 1980s, again using minimalist tactics, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals quietly whitewashed history in the very act that granted relief to those who challenged internment. In granting the writ of error coram nobis and thereby overturning Gordon Hirabayashi's criminal convictions, the Ninth Circuit simultaneously excused the wartime Supreme Court of any wrongdoing. The official explanation inscribed into the federal reports was that the Court was duped by a handful of unethical Executive Branch lawyers. Accepting this convenient falsehood as the truth allowed another denial of accountability, this time on the part of the judiciary itself. 
This Article asks whether the judiciary is repeating this strategy of denial in the enemy combatant cases. In other words, is the judiciary exploiting similar interpretive and procedural tactics in order to satisfy the dogs of war while simultaneously creating plausible deniability for those who unleashed them? In addition, are we witnessing a rehabilitation of the internment cases? My net assessment is mixed, with good reasons for both optimism and alarm. - papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=627401

Internment refers to the arrest and detention without trial of people suspected of being members of illegal paramilitary groups. The policy of internment had been used a number of times during Northern Ireland's history. It was reintroduced on Monday 9 August 1971 and continued in use until Friday 5 December 1975. During this period a total of 1,981 people were detained; 1,874 were Catholic / Republican, while 107 were Protestant / Loyalist. 
The Unionist controlled Stormont Government convinced the British Government of the need, and the advantages, of introducing internment as a means of countering rising levels of paramilitary violence. The policy proved however to be a disastrous mistake. The measure was only used against the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Catholic community. Although Loyalist paramilitaries had been responsible for some of the violence no Protestants were arrested (the first Protestant internees were detained on 2 February 1973). The crucial intelligence on which the success of the operation depended was flawed and many of those arrested had to be subsequently released because they were not involved in any paramilitary activity.
In response to internment the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association began a campaign of civil disobedience which culminated in a 'rent and rates strike' by those in public sector houses. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) was forced to end co-operation with the Northern Ireland government. In addition many commentators are of the opinion that internment resulted in increased support, active and tacit, among the Catholic community for the IRA. The level of civil unrest and the level of IRA violence surged.
While unionists would have initially welcomed the stronger security measures represented by internment they would perhaps have been less enthusiastic for the policy if they had foreseen the consequences for the Northern Ireland parliament.

The Japanese Internment and the Racial State of Exception Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association
Lee, F. I. (2006, Mar) 
Abstract: Historical accounts of the Japanese internment often turn on the question of whether the rights of Japanese Americans were justifiably sacrificed to military necessity or were unjustifiably violated by racism. My analysis cuts through this normative question with the political theory of Carl Schmitt, theorizing the internment as a succession of sovereign decisions on the friend/enemy distinction in a state of exception from which a state project of racial assimilation emerged. In the sovereign decision on the state of exception, the state declared the ‘unassimilated’ and ‘dangerous’ Japanese American to be the racial enemy. The camp leave clearance policies then rearticulated the friend/enemy distinction in forwarding the state’s attempt to assimilate the ‘loyal’ Japanese Americans into the wartime society as racial friends. This emergency project attempted to restore the ‘normal situation’ by striving to unify the liberal-democratic state as a nation of homogeneous people. - allacademic.com/meta/p97702_index.html

Bibliography of Children's Books relating to the Internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War

Baseball saved us
Author(s): Mochizuki, Ken, 1954- ; Lee, Dom,; 1959- ; ill. 
Publication: New York, NY : Lee & Low, 
Description: 1 v. (unpaged) : p., col. ill. ;, 21 x 26 cm. 
Abstract: A Japanese American boy learns to play baseball when he and his family are forced to live in an internment camp during World War II, and his ability to play helps him after the war is over.

War strikes 
Author(s): Lutz, Norma Jean. ; Wallenta, Adam ill. 
Publication: Uhrichsville, Ohio : Barbour Pub., 
Description: 142 p. : p., ill. ;, 20 cm. 
Abstract: The story of an American family and their Japanese-American friends who are imprisoned in internment camps during World War II.

The journal of Ben Uchida, citizen #13559, Mirror Lake Internment Camp 
Author(s): Denenberg, Barry. 
Publication: New York : Scholastic Inc., 
Description: 156 p. : p., ill. ;, 20 cm. 
Abstract: Twelve-year-old Ben Uchida keeps a journal of his experiences as a prisoner in a Japanese internment camp in Mirror Lake, California, during World War II. 
Note(s): "Ben Uchida is a fictional character, created by the author, and his journal is a work of fiction"--Copr. p.

American dreams 
Author(s): Banim, Lisa, 1960- 
Publication: New York : Silver Moon Press , 
Description: 103 p. : p., ill. ;, 19 cm. 
Abstract: Developments in World War II force Amy Mochida and her family to move from Hollywood to an internment camp with other Japanese Americans, changing Amy's friendship with eleven-year-old Jeannie.

The moon bridge 
Author(s): Savin, Marcia. 
Abstract: The friendship between San Francisco girls Mitzi Fujimoto and Ruthie Fox is changed when World War II begins and Mitzi and her family are forced to go into an internment camp.

The moved-outers 
Author(s): Means, Florence Crannell, 1891- 
Publication: New York : Walker, 
Description: 156 p. ; p., 21 cm. 
Abstract: After the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor in 1941, life changes drastically for eighteen-year-old Sumiko Ohara and her family when they are sent from their home in California to a series of relocation camps.

The bracelet
Author(s): Uchida, Yoshiko. ; Yardley, Joanna. ; ill 
Publication: New York : Philomel, 
Description: 1 v. (unpaged) : p., col. ill. ;, 26 cm. 
Abstract: Emi, a Japanese American in the second grade, is sent with her family to an internment camp during World War II, but the loss of the bracelet her best friend has given her proves that she does not need a physical reminder of that friendship.

Cassie's war 
Author(s): Winkler, Allan M., 1945- 
Publication: Unionville, N.Y. : Royal Fireworks Press, 
Description: 94 p. ; p., 22 cm.

American dreams 
Author(s): Banim, Lisa, 1960- 
Publication: New York : Silver Moon Press , 
Description: 76 p. : p., ill. ;, 23 cm. 
Abstract: Developments in World War II force Amy Mochida and her family to move from Hollywood to an internment camp with other Japanese Americans, changing Amy's friendship with eleven-year-old Jeannie.

Blue Jay in the desert 
Author(s): Shigekawa, Marlene, 1944- ; Isao, Kikuchi, ; ill. 
Publication: Chicago : Polychrome Pub. Corp., 
Description: 1 v. (unpaged) : p., col. ill. ;, 22 x26 cm. 
Abstract: While living in a relocation camp during the World War II, a young Japanese American boy receives a message of hope from his grandfather.

The moon bridge 
Author(s): Savin, Marcia. 
Publication: New York : Scholastic Inc., 
Description: 231 p. ; p., 22 cm. 
Abstract: The friendship between San Francisco girls Mitzi Fujimoto and Ruthie Fox is changed when World War II begins and Mitzi and her family are forced to go into an internment camp.

The children of Topaz : the story of a Japanese-American internment camp : based on a classroom diary 
Author(s): Tunnell, Michael O. ; Chilcoat, George W. 
Publication: New York : Holiday House, 
Description: 74 p. : p., ill. ;, 27 cm. 
Abstract: The diary of a third-grade class of Japanese-American children being held with their families in an internment camp during World War II.

Korematsu v. United States : Japanese-American internment camps 
Author: Alonso, Karen. 
Publication: Springfield, NJ : Enslow, 
Description: 128 p. : p., ill. ;, 24 cm. 
Abstract: Profiles the case of Fred Korematsu, who sought compensation from the American government for his time spent in a Japanese-American internment camp during World War II.

A fence away from freedom : Japanese Americans and World War II 
Author(s): Levine, Ellen. 
Publication: New York : G.P. Putnam's, 
Description: x, 260 p., [14] p. of plates : p., ill., map ;, 24 cm.

Voices from the camps : internment of Japanese Americans during World War II 
Author: Brimner, Larry Dane. 
Publication: New York : F. Watts, 
Description: 110 p. : p., ill. ;, 24 cm.

Our burden of shame : Japanese-American internment during World War II 
Author: Sinnott, Susan. 
Publication: New York : F. Watts, 
Description: 63 p. : p., ill. ;, 23 cm.

A child in prison camp 
Author: Takashima, Shizuye. 
Publication: Plattsburgh, N.Y. : Tundra Books 
Description: 97 p. ; p., 21 cm.

Abstract: A Japanese-Canadian girl recounts the experiences of the three years she and her family spent in a Canadian internment camp during World War II. 
So far from the sea** 
Author(s): Bunting, Eve, 1928- ; Soentpiet, Chris K., ; ill. 
Publication: New York : Clarion Books, 
Description: 30 p. : p., col. ill. ;, 27 cm. 
Abstract: When seven-year-old Laura and her family visit Grandfather's grave at the Manzanar War Relocation Center, the Japanese American child leaves behind a special symbol.

I am an American : a true story of Japanese internment 
Author(s): Stanley, Jerry, 1941- 
Publication: New York : Scholastic, 
Description: 102 p. : p., ill., maps ;, 24 cm. 
Abstract: Illustrated with black-and-white photographs. Young Shi Nomura was among the 120,000 American citizens who lost everything when he was sent by the U.S. government to Manzanar, an interment camp in the California desert, simply because he was of Japanese ancestry. "In clear and fascinating prose, Stanley has set forth the compelling story of one of America's darkest times--the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. 

Internment of Japanese Americans from the west coast of the United States

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