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Philip Zimbardo

Sociology Index, Sociology Books 2012

Philip Zimbardo was born to Sicilian parents, George Zimbardo and Margaret Bisicchia, grew up in New York City, in the South Bronx, and went to Monroe High School with Stanley Milgram, an American social psychologist most
notable for his controversial study known as the Milgram Experiment.

Philip Zimbardo tried to prove that anyone could become a swaggering guard or a cowering inmate.

Philip Zimbardo set up a very important social psychological experiment at Stanford in which he took 24 bright, mature, emotionally stable men and by flipping a coin, designated some as 'prisoners' and some as 'guards.' The Stanford prison experiment was a landmark psychological study of the human response to captivity, in particular, to the real world circumstances of prison life, and the effects of imposed social roles on behavior. 

Stanford prison experiment was conducted in 1971 by a team of researchers led by Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University. Volunteers played the roles of guards and prisoners and lived in a mock prison. 

However, the Stanford prison experiment quickly got out of hand and was ended early.

The 'prisoners' were picked up at their homes by a police officer, searched, handcuffed, fingerprinted, blindfolded and taken to 'prison.' The 'guards' were told they could make their own rules.

The experiment lasted two weeks. Some prisoners became depressed, confused, hysterical and had to be released after a few days; the guards, otherwise nice guys, became cruel and heartless.

Zimbardo had to end the experiment early; the sociology of it all became too, too real.  

Philip Zimbardo on some experiments testing the broken-window theory. He arranged to have an automobile without license plates parked with its hood up on a street in the Bronx and a comparable automobile on a street in Palo Alto. The car in the Bronx was attacked by "vandals" within ten minutes of its "abandonment." The first to arrive were a family--father, mother, and young son--who removed the radiator and battery. Within twenty-four hours, virtually everything of value had been removed. Then random destruction began--windows were smashed, parts torn off, upholstery ripped. Children began to use the car as a playground. Most of the adult "vandals" were well-dressed, apparently clean-cut whites. The car in Palo Alto sat untouched for more than a week. Then Zimbardo smashed part of it with a sledgehammer. Soon, passersby were joining in. Within a few hours, the car had been turned upside down and utterly destroyed. Again, the "vandals" appeared to be primarily respectable whites."

Broken Window Theory is outcome of 'Broken Window', the title of a 1982 article by criminologist James Q. Wilson and George Kelling. This simple theory argues that a broken window left un repaired will make a building look uncared for or abandoned and soon attract vandals to break all the other windows.

Broken Window Theory suggests that the prevention of crime will be accomplished by steps like painting over graffiti, keeping buildings in good repair, maintaining clean streets and parks and responding effectively to petty street crime.

These actions make citizens feel safer and when they frequent public places criminal activity is less likely to occur. Many jurisdictions in North America have adopted practices based on this Broken Window perspective.

Broken window theory is directed towards promoting a more localised (walking-the-beat) form of policing on the basis that indicators of neighbourhood disrepair (such as a broken window) foster criminality. The logic runs like this: signs of neighbourhood decay lead residents to withdraw from public life of the neighbourhood and thereby reduce the efficacy of informal social control, leaving the area open for more serious criminal misdemeanours.

The "Broken Window Theory" has inspired police departments in New York and other major cities to crack down on the small stuff in order to keep out the big stuff. It works: keeping on top of broken windows, graffiti, and other small infractions has reduced the serious crime level. - Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas - Don't Live with Broken Windows.

New York crime and drug decline is one of the best example of a successful implementation of the Broken Window Theory (BWT). BWT states that signs of disorder, like graffiti, dirty streets, broken windows... induce more disorder. Not only more graffitti and other petty crimes, but also more serious crimes like murder, robbery, etc. Consequently, removing the minor signs of disorder is thought to induce a decrease in the amount of more serious crimes.

The Broken Window Theory has been implemented in many cities around the world, with some success.

Kelling’s "broken windows" theory was put to practice by the Boston Police in the late 1980s and then by Rudi Guiliani after he was elected as the Mayor of New York City. The crime rate declined sharply, as police came hard on graffiti and other small unsocial behaviour in the neighbourhood. Broken window theory may be right. Graffiti on the wall could prompt people to violate social behaviour. And appearance that a neighbourhood lacks social control (a broken window) can lead to crime.

Reconsidering the 'Broken Windows' Theory 
by Marcus Rosenbaum - Nation - Morning Edition, March 3, 2005 · 
For 20 years, something called the "broken windows" theory has guided some social policy and many city police departments. The theory holds that disorder in urban neighborhoods leads people to be disorderly. New research shows that people's perceptions of disorder don't always match the actual disorder in their neighborhoods.

From: Broken Windows - The police and neighborhood safety - March 1982
by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling
"Social psychologists and police officers tend to agree that if a window in a building is broken and is left unrepaired, all the rest of the windows will soon be broken. This is as true in nice neighborhoods as in rundown ones. Window-breaking does not necessarily occur on a large scale because some areas are inhabited by determined window-breakers whereas others are populated by window-lovers; rather, one unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing. (It has always been fun.)

A Crack in the Broken-Windows Theory - By Richard Morin
What causes some neighborhoods to thrive, while others decay? It's a question that has fascinated social scientists for decades and led directly to the Broken Windows theory, which holds that ignoring the little problems -- graffiti, litter, shattered glass -- creates a sense of irreversible decline that leads people to abandon the community or to stay away.
That theory, in turn, spawned a revolution in law enforcement and neighborhood activism. Broken windows? Get building owners to replace them. Graffiti on the walls? Scrub them clean, then get tough with graffiti artists. Abandoned cars? Haul them away. Drunks on the sidewalks? Get them off the streets, too.
But wait a minute, say social psychologists Robert J. Sampson of Harvard University and Stephen W. Raudenbush of the University of Michigan. Taking such steps may clean up a neighborhood, but don't expect those measures alone to keep people from moving or bring people back, they assert in the current issue of Social Psychology Quarterly. They found that race and class may be more important than the actual levels of disorder in shaping how whites, blacks and Latinos perceive the health of a neighborhood.
washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A46381-2005Jan29.html

The "Broken Window" Theory
This explanation of the "broken window" theory was written by Henry G. Cisneros when he was Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. It was published in a series of essays titled "Defensible Space: Deterring Crime and Building Community" - January 1995.
James Q. Wilson and George Kelling developed the `broken windows' thesis to explain the signaling function of neighborhood characteristics. This thesis suggests that the following sequence of events can be expected in deteriorating neighborhoods. Evidence of decay (accumulated trash, broken windows, deteriorated building exteriors) remains in the neighborhood for a reasonably long period of time. People who live and work in the area feel more vulnerable and begin to withdraw. They become less willing to intervene to maintain public order (for example, to attempt to break up groups of rowdy teens loitering on street corners) or to address physical signs of deterioration.
Sensing this, teens and other possible offenders become bolder and intensify their harassment and vandalism. Residents become yet more fearful and withdraw further from community involvement and upkeep. This atmosphere then attracts offenders from outside the area, who sense that it has become a vulnerable and less risky site for crime.The "broken window" theory suggests that neighborhood order strategies such as those listed below help to deter and reduce crime.

• Quick replacement of broken windows
• Prompt removal of abandoned vehicles
• Fast clean up of illegally dumped items, litter and spilled garbage
• Quick paint out of graffiti
• Finding (or building) better places for teens to gather than street corners
• Fresh paint on buildings
• Clean sidewalks and street gutters

"So has the death of broken window theory been exaggerated? The Harcourt and Ludwig (2006) research discrediting the original broken window theory may tell us that physical signs of disorder do not predict neighbourhood crime; but what they do predict is more physical disorder. And on what grounds is it deemed acceptable that people should be expected to live in such an environment? Where broken windows are not being repaired and other maintenance is not being carried out, residents (yes, that includes schoolchildren) are being subjected to disrespect on the part of the services established and funded to maintain order."
From work I've done on estates in the past I'm sure that local people often sense the danger of a tipping point of disorder, although they might not articulate it in terms of 'broken window theory' or collective efficacy or whatever. - Kevin Harris, Mending broken window theory, neighbourhoods.typepad.com.

"The Spreading of Disorder" Kees Keizer, Siegwart Lindenberg, and Linda Steg, Science, December 2008
Experiment to assess the broken windows theory BWT. In one setting they looked at whether individuals would steal an envelope visibly containing a five euro note. "The white (addressed) window envelope sticking out of a mailbox (situated in Groningen) was very noticeable for everyone approaching the mailbox, and it was clearly visible that the envelope contained a €5 note". In the baseline condition the mail box and the ground surrounding it were clean. In one test condition the mail box was covered with graffitti and in another the ground was covered with litter.
The results were quite dramatic, the rate of robbery doubled between the baseline and the "disorder" conditions! In the baseline condition, 13% of passer-bys stole the envelope, with graffitti this rate raised to 27% and with litter to 25%.
Conclusion: "There is a clear message for policymakers and police officers: Early disorder diagnosis and intervention are of vital importance when fighting the spread of disorder. Signs of inappropriate behavior like graffiti or broken windows lead to other inappropriate behavior (e.g., litter or stealing), which in turn results in the inhibition of other norms (i.e., a general weakening of the goal to act appropriately). So once disorder has spread, merely fixing the broken windows or removing the graffiti may not be sufficient anymore. An effective intervention should now address the goal to act appropriately on all fronts."
Abstract: Imagine that the neighborhood you are living in is covered with graffiti, litter, and unreturned shopping carts. Would this reality cause you to litter more, trespass, or even steal? A thesis known as the broken windows theory suggests that signs of disorderly and petty criminal behavior trigger more disorderly and petty criminal behavior, thus causing the behavior to spread. This may cause neighborhoods to decay and the quality of life of its inhabitants to deteriorate. For a city government, this may be a vital policy issue. But does disorder really spread in neighborhoods? So far there has not been strong empirical support, and it is not clear what constitutes disorder and what may make it spread. We generated hypotheses about the spread of disorder and tested them in six field experiments. We found that, when people observe that others violated a certain social norm or legitimate rule, they are more likely to violate other norms or rules, which causes disorder to spread

Researchers link 'broken windows' policing with drop in serious crime - John L. Worrall, the CSU San Bernardino criminal justice professor - Full Report - cicg.org/publications/CICG_Brief_Aug_2002.pdf

There is a significant link between targeting minor crime and a drop in serious crime, even when community factors such as unemployment and the number of young people are considered, according to a study from the California Institute for County Government at California State University, Sacramento.

The study, "Does 'Broken Windows' Law Enforcement Reduce Serious Crime?" examined all California counties from 1989 to 2000.

It found for the first time a generalizeable statistical tie between so-called "broken windows" policing and a drop in felony property crime while also controlling for so many social and economic factors. It's also one of the few studies to look at the strategy on a large scale, rather than a neighborhood or community level.

Broken windows policing assumes that serious crime can be reduced by strongly enforcing minor crimes such as graffiti, property damage, prostitution, public drunkenness and the like. It has been the subject of heated debate, with many police agencies adopting it and critics charging it leads to police harassment. 

Previous studies have tended to focus on single jurisdictions, and haven't been able to discount numerous other possible factors when they discovered drops in serious crime.

This new study compared both misdemeanor arrests and misdemeanor
charges filed to the overall number of arrests and charges. More misdemeanor arrests and charges were taken to indicate a local law enforcement tendency to engage in broken window policing. That tendency was then compared to the felony property crime rate to see if a link existed.

"We've tested the spirit of the broken windows theory, and we've found a relationship between targeting misdemeanors and reducing serious crime," says John L. Worrall, the CSU San Bernardino criminal justice professor who authored the study. 

Worrall cautions that the focus of this study was finding a statistical link between enforcing minor crimes and a drop in serious crime. So it doesn't conclusively prove a cause and effect relationship, and it doesn't estimate how much of a drop in crime is seen when a community pursues a broken windows strategy.

"What makes this study unique is all the other factors we controlled for, and that even after we did that we still found a strong statistical relationship between broken windows policing and a reduction in serious crime," Worrall says. "This is by no means the last word on the broken window theory, but it is an important contribution."

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