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ROLE PLAYING

Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2012

Role playing occurs where an individual plays at or pretends to occupy the role of another.

The concept of role playing is useful for understanding the socialization of children and in particular that stage during which they play at being mothers, fathers, doctors, nurses, or truck drivers.

It is during this playing that they master the ability to engage in reflexive role-taking and thus to develop their own sense of self.

Kindness in the Kindergarten: The Relative Influence of Role Playing and Prosocial Television in Facilitating Altruism 
Inge M. Ahammer, John P. Murray, School of Behavioural Sciences, Macquarie University.
The effectiveness of four training programs designed to foster altruism was examined with 97 four-to-five-year-old preschool children. It was assumed that role taking skills would be a necessary and/or sufficient condition for altruistic behavior. Thus, training programs centering on cognitive perceptual and affective role taking (empathy) respectively were compared to programs in which altruistic behavior was either watched on TV or enacted (role played) by the children. Children watching 'neutral' TV episodes, or experiencing a regular preschool program, served as controls. Training lasted for four weeks I h daily training. Altruism was significantly enhanced in the three role playing programs, whereas prosocial TV viewing - while less effective than the role play conditions was marginally superior to neutral TV viewing. Cognitive/perceptual role taking was clearly implicated in the enactment of altruistic behavior while the role of affective role taking was less consistent. - jbd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/2/133

Role Playing As a Group Intervention - Rebecca J. Cabral, Wayne State University 
Role playing is an effective intervention technique that has been broadly adapted for use in academic research and applied settings. A classification scheme for organizing these diverse role-playing uses, in terms of intraindividual and intact group change, is presented. Furthermore, it is suggested that research and implementation of role playing would be best served by an interactional perspective. - sgr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/4/470

Role Playing to Assess Social Competence - Ecological Validity Considerations 
J. Regis Mcnamara, Craig A. Blumer, Ohio University 
Role playing is increasingly being used as a method by which to assess social competence. Role playing has demonstrated its usefulness at reflecting differences between treatment and control groups in studies concerned with the modification of social competence and those attempting to differentiate levels of social competence in known groups. The ability of role plays to accurately represent more naturalistically occurring social behavior is less well established, however. Current evidence suggests that there is only modest correspondence between behavior in role play and naturalistic settings. Further, this correspondence occurs at the molar and not at the molecular behavior level. Additional research is needed to better understand how adequate role plays are at portraying naturally occurring behavior. - bmo.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/4/519

The effects of role playing on prosocial behavior in preschool children [Article in Japanese] - Hamazaki T, Department of Child Psychology, Hiroshima University.
The purpose was to examine the effects of two types of role-playing experience on prosocial behavior in preschool children. Subjects were 72 6-year-olds. In the Empathy role-playing (E), each pair of children enacted alternately a victim and an eyewitness using a glove puppet, in which the emphasis was only on empathizing with the victim. In the Empathy and Helping role-playing (EH), they enacted alternately a victim and a helper, in which the emphasis was on empathizing and helping a victim. In the Control role-playing (C), they played roles alternately of a customer and a salesman in a grocery store. All children were assessed as for helping and sharing behaviors for a real victim before and after the role playing session. In the comparison between pre- and post-tests for helping behavior. All groups (C, E, EH) increased helping tendency, but only in EH group the proportion of subjects, whose attitude changed from helper to non-helper. As for sharing behavior, all three groups increased the number of sharing significantly in the post-test. - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ROLE-TAKING AND ROLE-PLAYING IN HUMAN COMMUNICATION 
ROBERT L. KELLEY, W.J. OSBORNE and CLYDE HENDRICK
Human Communication Research - Volume 1 Issue 1 Page 62 - September 1974
The work of George Herbert Mead and Jean Piaget is stimulating interest among the social sciences in role-taking behavior as an intervening variable affecting human communication. This paper clarifies the concept of role-taking and distinguishes role-taking from related constructs with which it has been confused. It is shown, however, that clarification of role-taking requires serious consideration of the related concept of role-playing. The product of these considerations is a discussion of some implications for communication theory and research suggested by the conceptualizations and distinctions developed in this paper. - 
blackwell-synergy.com

Use of Cigarettes and Alcohol by Preschoolers While Role-playing as Adults "Honey, Have Some Smokes" 
Madeline A. Dalton, PhD; Amy M. Bernhardt, MEd; Jennifer J. Gibson, MS; James D. Sargent, MD; Michael L. Beach, MD, PhD; Anna M. Adachi-Mejia, PhD; Linda T. Titus-Ernstoff, PhD; Todd F. Heatherton, PhD - Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:854-859. 
Objective To examine preschoolers’ attitudes, expectations, and perceptions of tobacco and alcohol use. 
Design: Structured observational study. Children used props and dolls to act out a social evening for adults. As part of the role play, each child selected items from a miniature grocery store stocked with 73 different products, including beer, wine, and cigarettes, for an evening with friends. 
Setting: A behavioral laboratory at the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College. 
Patients: One hundred twenty children, 2 to 6 years old, participated individually in the role-playing. 
Main Outcome Measure: Whether or not a child purchased cigarettes or alcohol at the store. 
Results: Children purchased a mean of 17 of the 73 products in the store. Thirty-four children (28.3%) bought cigarettes and 74 (61.7%) bought alcohol. Children were more likely to buy cigarettes if their parents smoked (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-12.63). Children were more likely to buy beer or wine if their parents drank alcohol at least monthly (adjusted OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.02-9.10) or if they viewed PG-13– or R-rated movies (adjusted OR, 5.10; 95% CI, 1.14-22.90). Children’s play behavior suggests that they are highly attentive to the use and enjoyment of alcohol and tobacco and have well-established expectations about how cigarettes and alcohol fit into social settings. 
Conclusions The data suggest that observation of adult behavior, especially parental behavior, may influence preschool children to view smoking and drinking as appropriate or normative in social situations. These perceptions may relate to behaviors adopted later in life. - archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/9/854

Live Action Role-Playing Games - Control, Communication, Storytelling, and MMORPG Similarities - Anders Tychsen, Michael Hitchens, Thea Brolund, Manolya Kavakli 
Live action role-playing games share a range of characteristics with massively multi-player online games (MMOGs). Because these games have existed for more than 20 years, players of these games have a substantial amount of experience in handling issues pertinent to MMOGs. Survey and review of live action role-playing games, whose participant count can be in the thousands, reveal that features such as size, theme, game master-to-player ratio, and others interact to form complex systems that require several different groups of control tools to manage. The way that these games are managed offers a variety of venues for further research into how these management techniques can be applied to MMOGs. - gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/3/252

Computer-Based Role-Playing for Interpersonal Skills Training,
Geralien A. Holsbrink-Engels 
This study examines the design and evaluation of computer-based role-playing. For novices, a conventional role-play is a very complex learning situation. Computer-based role-playing is designed to simplify role-playing so that students can more effectively develop interpersonal skills. It is a gradual lead-in to, not a replacement of, conventional role-playing. An experiment is reported in which 41 students participated. The students were randomly distributed over two groups. Two instructional programs were compared, one with and one without computer-based role-playing. One major finding is that computer-based role-playing enhances interpersonal skills development by (a) practicing the use of a conversational model, (b) offering opportunities for reflection, (c) performing four protagonist roles, and (d) capturing individual contribution and learning. - sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/2/164

Voice and text: role playing with computers - S Yager, Department of English, Iowa State University, 203 Ross Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1201, USA
In teaching the works of Geoffrey Chaucer and other medieval writers. I want students to participate to 'pleye' with the language and ideas of the story. Like any instructor, I hope that students will not sit 'doumb as a stoon'. One way to encourage students to take part is literally to give them a part, a role to take on in the classroom. Over the past few semesters, I have turned to computers to do this, using the InterChange function of Daedalus, a networked synchronous communications program, for role playing exercises in medieval literature classes. In these classes, I have invited my students (mostly English majors at Iowa State, a public university of science and technology) to use role playing in order to explore the identities of Chaucer's Canterbury pilgrims. My intention in beginning these exercises was to help students realize that Chaucer's speakers, lively and realistic as they seem to us, are known through, and constructed of, words. This intention, however, has not been fulfilled - in fact, few of my original expectations have been met; nonetheless, this project has succeeded in other ways, and it has persuaded me that synchronous communications in general, and on-line role playing in particular, can be a vital part of the medieval studies classroom. - /llc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/211

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