Sociology and Literature

"Literature, though it may also be many other things, is social evidence and testimony." (Lewis Coser)

Syllabus: - Sociology and Literature, Professor: Norman Conti, Ph. D.

Course Description:
This course is designed to combine important sociological texts with classic works of literature that complement them. This is accomplished in the hope of using the commonality to demonstrate how exciting really good sociological research can be. Moreover, it is a chance to exercise the sociological imagination in a controlled setting. Ironically, the fiction is employed to help make sociology more “real” for the student.

Requirements
Readings for this course are set up in pairs. Each text has a novel that accompanies it. For each set the student is required to write an essay about the relationship between the two books. When all of the reading has been completed the student will reflect back on all of the texts and some up with a concluding essay that will “wrap up” the course and tie all of the reading together. Here all of the initial essays could, in a sense, constitute the body of an extended paper & this would be the conclusion/summary. In keeping with this the student may, at some point, wish to write an opening/introductory essay so this would actually constitute one long paper.

Reading List
Asylums One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
- Erving Goffman - Ken Kesey

From Badness to Sickness A Clockwork Orange
- Conrad & Schnieder - Anthony Burgess

Discipline & Punish 1984
-Michel Foucault -George Orwell

One Dimensional Man Brave New World
- Herber Marcuse - Aldous Huxley

Sample Essay Topics
Asylums & One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Does Kesey suggest that the psychiatric ward, in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, is in some ways a reduced image of the world outside the asylum? Should the reader attach some value-if only a metaphorical one-to Chief Bromden’s that the ward and the world are both ruled by “the combine”? Does Goffman’s work in Asylums support or reject this idea? How?

If the ward is indeed presented as a microcosm, what seems to be Kesey’s notion of the relationship between individuals and modern society? Should they adjust to it, revolt against “the Combine”, or try to escape?

In some respects Kesey’s picture of life in the psychiatric ward resembles the bleak pictures of the future presented in Orwell’s 1984 and Huxley’s Brave New World.

Sociology and Literature - Trevor Noble - British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 211-224

LITERATURE and SOCIETY
Department of Sociology Sociology 324, Emory University Spring 2003
Instructor: Dr. Karen A. Hegtvedt
Some conceptualizations of the relationship between literature and society are rather straightforward: literature is a reflection of society, a force in society, or simply a separate part of social life. Others argue that the enterprise of literature is more complex, potentially capturing diverse forms of interaction between various parts of and players in society. Thus
the roles of literature in society, and of society in literature remain open to debate. That literature is best understood only as aesthetic creation silences the debate yet leaves many questions unanswered. The goal of the course is to explore the multifaceted relationship between literature and society, examining the intricacies of the debate and attempting to answer
the questions it inspires.
The course allows the possibility of integrating two ways in which sociologists examine literature. The dominant approach of the course is that of the Sociology of Literature, focusing on the production and consumption of literature in society. The course will demonstrate how social structures and processes govern the relationships among creators, audiences, and
gatekeepers, both now and in the past. Analysis of works of fiction, representing a sociology through literature approach, provides a means to exemplify concepts, theories, and issues raised by the Sociology of Literature. The merging of these two approaches highlights the integral part literature plays in society.
We begin with an analysis of the question: What is literature? We move from there to a review of how we study literature sociologically. Each of the three main substantive parts of the course focuses on literary roles. Proceeding first with creators, we examine what personal and societal factors influence writers and what they write. Readers, defined
more generally in terms of the audience, constitute the second role of interest. Here we ask: how do audiences vary? how do readers interpret texts? Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice will reveal mechanisms of social perception that also apply to reading. The third role, gatekeepers, consists of two different types of actors: publishers and critics. We will
discuss the activities and power of publishers in the 19th and 20th centuries. The industrial setting of Charles Dickens’s Hard Times provides a backdrop for our analyses of changes in literary production. For critics, we will examine the multiple roles that they play and the scholarly tools they use to interpret works. The course concludes with re-consideration of general questions about the relationship between literature and social change at the level of
the text, the activity of interpretation, and dynamics within society. Don DeLillo’s White Noise epitomizes the intricate relationship of literature and society in the 20th century.
In addition to this substantive focus, the course is designed to be writing intensive.
Considering literature as a form of writing facilitates emphasis on the importance of writing for capturing and communicating the nature and logic of ideas. Brief writing exercises provide the basis for harvesting ideas and illustrating issues. In addition, to emphasize the notion that "good writing is re-writing" (and to illustrate the process novelists themselves often undergo), the term paper assignment involves reviews at several points during the semester (by the
instructors and/or by peers) as a means of obtaining feedback for revisions. On the mundane, bureaucratic level, this course fulfills the writing requirement and the advanced seminar requirement of the general education requirements for Emory College.
Course Requirements
1. Participation. The content and organization of the course as well as its actual size
demands the participation of class members. First, attendance is expected. Second,
students should actively engage themselves in the learning process by participating in
discussion. Third, completing in-class writing assignments constitutes a form of
participation. And, fourth, students should be prepared to answer written questions on
the readings during any class session (i.e., there may be pop quizzes).
2. Readings are listed on the course outline. Please complete the reading(s) for a
particular day prior to that class session. Other readings are available online (you need
Adobe Acrobat to read the files). Some may be added as the semester progresses. In
addition, the texts that we will use are available at the bookstore:
Mary Rogers, Novels, Novelists, and Readers
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice
Charles Dickens, Hard Times
Don DeLillo, White Noise

Course Outline
I. Introduction (16 - 28 January)
A. What is literature? (16 January)
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1977. Theory of Literature (pp. 20-28, "The
nature of literature"). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Rogers, Mary F. 1991. Novels, Novelists, and Readers (pp. 5-20, "The world of
literature"). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
B. What gave rise to the novel? (21 January)
Watt, Ian. 1965. The Rise of the Novel (pp. 35-59). Berkeley: University of
California Press.
C. What does Sociology contribute to how we study literature? (23 January)
Albrecht, Milton. 1954. “The relationship of literature and society.” American
Journal of Sociology 59:425-36.
Templeton, Alice and Stephen B. Groce. 1990. “Sociology and literature:
Theoretical considerations.” Sociological Inquiry 60:34-46.
Zolberg, Vera. 1990. Constructing a Sociology of the Arts (pp. 1-25, “What is Art?
What is the Sociology of Art?”). New York: Cambridge University Press.
C. What are empirical ways to study literature sociologically? (28 January)
Griswold, Wendy. 1986. Renaissance Revivals: City Comedy and Revenge
Tragedy in the London Theatre, 1576-1980 (pp.1-13 “Introduction”).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Griswold, Wendy. 1987. “A methodological framework for the sociology of
culture.” Sociological Methodology 17:1-35.
II. Creators (30 January - 4 March)
A. What personal forces propel individuals to write? (30 January)
Rogers, Mary F. 1991. Novels, Novelists, and Readers (pp. 21-34, "Selfexperiences
and novel making" and pp. 34-50, "Novel making and the
world of everyday life"). Albany, New York: State University of New
York Press.
Coser, Lewis A., Charles Kadushin, and Walter W. Powell. 1982. Books (pp.
224-59, "Authors: A worm's-eye view"). New York: Basic Books.
B. How do societal and cultural factors affect writers? (4 - 6 February)
Griswold, Wendy. 1981. “American character and the American novel: An
expansion of reflection theory in the sociology of literature.” American
Journal of Sociology 86:740-65.
Tuchman, Gay and Nina Fortin. 1980. “Edging Women Out: Some Suggestions
about the Structure of Opportunities and the Victorian Novel.” Signs 6:
308-325.
Barker-Nunn, Jeanne and Gary Alan Fine. 1999. “The vortex of creation:
Literary politics and the demise of Herman Melville’s reputation.”
Poetics 26:81-98.
C. How was Jane Austen affected by her 19th C context? (11 February)
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice
III. Audiences (13 February - 4 March)
A. How do reading audiences vary? (13 February)
Gans, Herbert. 1974. Popular Culture and High Culture (pp. 67-94,
"Comparative analysis of high and popular culture”). New York: Basic
Books. (Note: updated version may be substituted)
Woodward, Ian and Michael Emmison. 2002. “From aesthetic principles to
collective sentiments: The logics of everyday judgements of taste.”
Poetics 29:295-316.
Tepper, Steven J. 2000. “Fiction reading in America: Explaining the gender
gap.” Poetics 27:255-275.
B. What are “interpretive communities” of readers? (18 February)
Radway, Janice. 1991. “Interpretive Communities and Variable Literacies: The
Functions of Romance Reading.” Pp. 465-484 in Rethinking Popular
Culture, edited by Chandra Mukers and Michael Schudson. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Rogers, Mary F. 1991. Novels, Novelists, and Readers (pp. 91-106, "Readers'
self-experiences" and pp. 107-128, "Novel making, novel reading, and
literary interaction"). Albany, New York: State University of New York
Press.
(Out of town) (21 February)
C. How do readers interpret texts? (25 February)
Iser, Wolfgang. 1980. “Interaction between text and reader.” Pp. 106-19 The
Reader in the Text. edited by S.R. Suleiman and I. Crosman. Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980.
Pollard-Gott, Lucy. 1993. “Attribution theory and the novel.” Poetics 21:499-
524.
Miall, David S. and Don Kuiken. 2002. “A feeling for fiction: Becoming what
we behold.” Poetics 30:221-241.
D. How do social factors affect interpretation patterns? (27 February)
Press, Andrea. 1994. “The sociology of cultural reception: Notes toward an
emerging paradigm.” Pp. 221-245 in The Sociology of Culture:
Emerging Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Diana Crane. Oxford:
Blackwell Publishers.
Griswold, Wendy. 1987. “The fabrication of meaning: Literary
interpretation in the United States, Great Britain, and the West Indies.”
American Journal of Sociology 92:1077-1117.
EXAM 1 due 27 February
E. How does social perception propel action in Pride and Prejudice? (4 March)
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice.
IV. Gatekeepers (6 March - 17 April)
A. How do publishers, critics, and others affect writers and readers? (6 March)
Becker, Howard. 1982. Art Worlds (pp. 1-39 “Art Worlds and Collective
Activity”) Berkeley: University of California Press.
de Glas, Frank. 1992. “Authors’ oeuvres as the backbone of publishers’ lists:
Studying the literary publishing house after Bourdieu.” Poetics 25:379-
397.
B. Publishers
1. How did a book get published prior to the 20th century? (18 March)
Rogers, Mary F. 1991. Novels, Novelists, and Readers (pp. 153-163, 169-174,
"The business of literature"). Albany, NY: State University of New
York Press.
Benedict, Barbara M. 2001. “The eighteenth-century anthology and the
construction of the expert reader.” Poetics 28:377-397.
Winship, Michael. 1999. “The transatlantic book trade and Anglo-American
literary culture in the nineteenth century.” Pp. 98-122 in Reciprocal
Influences: Literary Production, Distribution, and Consumption in
America, edited by Steven Fink and Susan S. Williams. Columbus, OH:
Ohio State University Press.
2. How did Dickens epitomize 19th C publishing? (20 March)
Dickens, Charles. Hard Times.
3. How does a book get published in the 20th century? (25 March)
Coser, Lewis A., Charles Kadushin, and W.W. Powell. 1982. Books (pp.
118-47, "To sign or not to sign"). New York: Basic Books.
de Nooy, W. 1991. “Social networks and classifications in literature.” Poetics
20:507-537.
Rostenberg, leona and Madeleine B. Stern. 2002. From Revolution to
Revolution: perspectives on Publishing and Bookselling 1501-2001
(pp.171-177, “Conventional and electronic books: Pluses and
minuses.”). New Castle, Deleware: Oak Knoll Press.
4. How does capitalism drive individual action in Hard Times? (27 March)
Dickens, Charles. Hard Times.
5. What makes a best seller? (1 April)
Radaway, Janice. 1989. “The Book-of-the-Month Club and the general
reader: On the uses of "serious" fiction.” Pp. 154-176 in Literature
and Social Practice, edited by P. Desan, P.P Ferguson, and W.
Griswold. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
6. How has the women in print movement emerged over time? (3 April)
Guest Speaker: Kathy Liddle, Sociology graduate student
Chesnut, Saralyn and Amanda C. Gable. 1997. “Women ran it: Charis books
and more and Atlanta’s lesbian-feminist community, 1971-1981.” Pp.
241-284 in Carryin’ On in the Lesbian and Gay South, edited by John
Howard. New York: New York University Press.
EXAM 2 due 3 April
C. Critics
1. What roles do critics play? (8 April)
Janssen, Susanne. 1997. “Reviewing as social practice: Institutional
constraints on critics’ attention for contemporary fiction.” Poetics
24:275-297.
Rogers, Mary F. 1991. Novels, Novelists, and Readers (pp. 163-169, "The
business of literature"). Albany, NY: State University of New York
Press.
Janssen, Susanne. 1998. “Side-roads to succewss: The effect of sideline
activities on the status of writers.” Poetics 25:265-280.
2. What are scholarly frameworks for criticism? (10 - 15 April)
Hall, John. 1979. The Sociology of Literature (pp. 1-23, "Theoretical
traditions"). London: Longman, 1979.
3. Why is DeLillo a critically acclaimed novelist? (17 April)
DeLillo, Don. White Noise.
V. Conclusions
A. How do gatekeepers create and maintain the cannon? (22 April)
Corse, Sarah M. and Monica D. Griffin. 1997. “Cultural valorization and
African American literary history: Reconstructing the canon.”
Sociological Forum 12: 173-203.
Corse, Sarah M. 1995. “Nations and novels: Cultural politics and literary
use.” Social Forces 73:1279-1308.
B. How does literature influence society? How does social change affect literary
form, as represented in White Noise? (24 April)
DeLillo, Don. White Noise.
Rogers, Mary F. 1991. Novels, Novelists, and Readers (pp. 129-152, "Literary
socialization"; pp. 175-202, "The art of social worlds and the science
of social worlds"; pp. 203-212, "The fictive"). Albany, New York:
State University of New York Press.
Long, Elizabeth. 1994. “Textual interpretation as collective action.” Pp. 181-
212 in Viewing, Reading, and Listening, edited by J. Cruz and J. Lewis.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press.