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THIRD WORLD

Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2011

Categorizing societies has lost much of its meaning with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the decline of communism as an economic system.

First world countries referred to the developed, capitalist societies.

Second world identified the developed socialist societies.

Third world countries were those large political communities in the initial stages of development.

Fourth world societies are those that are traditional communities marginalized from economic development and political power. The concept of ‘fourth world’ has been applied to the aboriginal communities of North America.

What was the Third World? 
B.R. Tomlinson, University of London 
The term 'Third World' was widely used in the second half of the twentieth century to identify common issues in the political, social, economic and cultural history of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The notion of a coherent and distinct Third World experience was rooted in analyses based on dependency theory and post-colonialism set in the Cold War context of nation states and nation-building. However, it is now rapidly passing out of academic use, because of changes in political and economic systems and in the interplay of culture and identity brought about by globalization. With these perspectives in mind, it is now time to reassess the way in which we approach the contemporary history of most of the world. - jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/2/307

The Managing of the (Third) World 
Bill Cooke, Manchester School of Management, UK 
This paper is about the relationship between management, a First World discipline, and the Third World. Management is widely assumed to apply in organizations in modern, or postmodern, societies. However, a distinctive form of management, Development Administration and Management (DAM), exists and is applied to Third World nation-states, which are deemed in the First World to require modernization. This article sets out the institutional and conceptual separation and crossover between management and DAM. It then goes on to consider DAM in practice, demonstrating how it, and through it management, are complicit in neo-liberal World Bank interventions in the Third World. It concludes by reviewing the implications of the status of DAM, and management, as direct instruments of national-level neo-liberal change. - org.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/5/603

Social Marketing: An Approach to Third-World Development 
Carole P. Duhaime, Hautes Etudes Commerciales in Montreal, Quebec 
Ronald McTavish, Department of Marketing at Concordia University in Montreal 
Christopher A. Ross, Department of Marketing at Concordia University in Montreal 
The major theme of this article is that social marketing can contribute to the improvement of living conditions in the third world. The ease or difficulty of this task, however, will be determined by the existence of certain enabling conditions, precipitations circumstances and societal motivations in the countries of application. - jmk.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/3

States of Underdevelopment - The Third World State in Theoretical Perspective - Adrian Leftwich 
This article surveys and compares major theories of the state in the third world. At first sight, few of these theories identify states which have any or even some of the characteristics of modern states as expressed in the two main traditions of state theorizing in Western political science, derived from the classics of Marx and Weber. All these theories, however, despite their variety and specificity, can be shown to confirm the continuing analytic utility of key aspects of both the Marxist and Weberian approaches. Moreover, those few economically successful third world societies illustrate in many crucial respects both the Marxist and Weberian conditions for an effective developmental state. - jtp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/55

Emerging Third World powers: China, India and Brazil 
Jerry Harris 
China, India and Brazil have become world economic powers; they are attempting to harness the forces of globalisation so as to strengthen their international standing in multilateral institutions like the WTO. Theirs is not a surrender to imperialism, but an attempt to build a bulwark against it, from which they can implement their own national strategies for development — strategies that are qualitatively different from those followed by the non-aligned movement after Bandung. While each country is pursuing a somewhat different path, their collective might within the G-20 is already forcing concessions on trade, agriculture and subsidies from the US and EU. But do such growing South-South economic linkages have the potential to transform the global balance of power? - rac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/46/3/7

The 'Third World' and Socio-Legal Studies: Neo-Liberalism and Lessons from India's Legal Innovations 
Radha D'Souza, University of Waikato, New Zealand 
A terse, brief order of the Supreme Court of India in the Networking of Rivers case in September 2002 impugns the role of public interest litigation in the wake of neoliberal reforms. At a poignant moment in India's 'tryst with destiny', socio-legal studies in India stand disarmed and disempowered without adequate conceptual and theoretical tools to analyse and interpret the event in emancipatory ways. The case inaugurates a new phase in judicial activism and Public Interest Litigation in India, a subject that has been written about extensively both in India and elsewhere. In this article the Networking of Rivers case is used as a vehicle to explore the trajectories of developments in socio-legal studies in India and the ways in which it may have contributed to the present theoretical and conceptual impasse. The article argues for a more geo-historically differentiated understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of socio-legal studies in India and the 'Third World' generally. - sls.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/487

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