Universality is a philosophy concerning the provision of the benefits of the welfare state which declares that all citizens have access regardless of their need. A proposition is said to have universality if it can be conceived as being true in all possible contexts without creating a contradiction. Some philosophers have referred to such universality propositions as universalizable. Universal Declaration of Human Rights is inspired by the universality principles. Universality also refers to the medieval concept of an absolute, all-encompassing morality that justified a universal secular rule by one all-powerful Holy Roman Emperor, and also justified as universal the religious rule by one all-powerful all-encompassing church. In the 17th century, the doctrine of universality gave way to the doctrine of raison d'etat or national interest.
The Universality of the
Concept of Human Rights
Debate about the universality of human rights requires definition of "human
rights" and even of "universality." The idea of human rights is
related but not equivalent to justice, the good, democracy. Strictly, the conception is
that every individual has legitimate claims upon his or her society for defined freedoms
and benefits; an authoritative catalog of rights is set forth in the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights. The rights of the Universal Declaration are politically and
legally universal, having been accepted by virtually all states, incorporated
into their own laws, and translated into international legal obligations.
Assuring respect for rights in fact, however, will require the continued
development of stable political societies and of the commitment to
constitutionalism.
Cross-Cultural
Generalization and Universality
Fons J.R. Van De Vijver, Ype H. Poortinga.
Different meanings of the concept universality are distinguished and ordered according to
the degree to which they are open to empirical control. Richard Mill Replica Watches
Universality and specificity are
considered as relative rather than absolute concepts. A relationship between the analysis
of universality and the analysis of comparability or psychometric equivalence of data is
established. An integrated approach to the analysis of universality and equivalence within
the context of Generalizability Theory is outlined and illustrated with an example.
The intersection of information, economics and universality In the financial world of the 1990s - Paul Kleinbart. Cedel,Omega Replica Watches Luxemourg, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 17, No.3. In the 1980s three separate elements: economics. information and universality, converged to form the founda tion upon which the 1990s will be built As exemplified by an international securities clearing system, which by definition is he embodiment of the three aforementioned elements, the ssay considers various aspects of the interrelation between conomics, information and universality and particularly their mpact on the financial world.
Universality Biases - How Theories About Human Nature
Succeed
Gail A. Hornstein, Mount Holyoke College - Susan Leigh Star, University of
Keele, England. This article analyzes the strategies and means by which universalist claims about human
nature become successful in science. Of specific interest are the conditions under which
claims of this sort are taken to be inherently superior to those which are particularistic
or context-specific, a hierarchy of values which we term universality bias.
We trace the birth of universalists claims in neglected fields, their growth through
methodological agreements and the use of invisible referents, and their roots in multiple
audiences with different evaluation criteria. Our analysis complements philosophical and
political critiques of theories about human nature and demonstrates the historical
specificity of universalist claims.