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XENOPHOBIA

Sociologyindex, Homophobia, Sociology Books 2012, Xenophobia

Xenophobia is the fear of strangers. The questions of who is a 'stranger' and what is to be feared are important to conflict theory and to the quest for social justice.

Xenophobia is distrust, unreasonable fear, or hatred of strangers, foreigners, or anything perceived as foreign or different.

Xenophobia involves a deep antipathy to foreigners or to foreign things.

Xenophobia is an individual's irrational and obsessive (xenophobic) hatred of people perceived as different and foreign. Related to the concepts of racism and ethnocentrism.

Xenophobia can be overcome by the study of the social sciences and coming to appreciate the ideas of culture and social structure as tools for understanding ourselves and others.

Xenophilia, also called Xenophily,  is affection for unknown objects or human beings. It is the opposite of xenophobia or xenophoby.

Xenophobia: Understanding the Roots and Consequences of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants Yakushko, Oksana

IMMIGRATION, XENOPHOBIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Series Editor: Jonathan Crush

The Political Uses of Xenophobia in England, France and Germany  Dietrich Thränhardt

Xenophobia and Ethnoviolence in Contemporary Germany Marina A. Adler

National identity and xenophobia: the interplay between economic interests and identity issues in cross-national perspective Coenders, Marcel. and Hjerm, Mikael.

French Xenophobia and Immigrant Contact: Public Attitudes Toward Immigrants
Digiusto, Gerald. and Jolly, Seth.

A new perspective in social research: Xenophobia: The deep roots of extreme emotions WAHL Klaus ; TRAMITZ Christiane

Ethnocentrism and Xenophobia: A Cross-Cultural Study Elizabeth Cashdan

The culture of local xenophobia K. D. M. Snell

The chill wind of Korean xenophobia Kim Wan-Soon, Lee You-Il

On the Development of Xenophobia in Germany: The Adolescent Years
Boehnke, Klaus; Hagan, John; Hefler, Gerd

Political Xenophobia in the Transition from Socialism: Threat, Racism and Ideology among East German Youth by: Meredith W. Watts

Xenophilia or Xenophobia in American Courts? Before and After 9/11
Kevin M. Clermont, Theodore Eisenberg, Cornell University - School of Law

Xenophobia and right-wing-extremism in German youth groups - Some evidence against unidimensional misinterpretations Wolfgang Frindte, Friedrich Funke and Sven Waldzus, University of Jena, Germany

What the Future May Bring - Xenophobia among Swedish Adolescents
Mikael Hjerm, Umeå University, Sweden

Hatred by hated people: xenophobia in Israel Pedahzur, Ami, Yishai, Yael

Racism and Xenophobia: A Brief Note on the Scottish Experience Honourable Lord Gill

Reconsidering Fascist Anti-Semitism and Xenophobia in 1920s France: The Doctrinal Contribution of Georges Valois and the Faisceau
Samuel Kalman, Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina

National Identity and Xenophobia in an Ethnically Divided Society
Noah Lewin-Epstein and Asaf Levanon

International Outsourcing: Legality of Xenophobia in Outsourcing Outsourcing Law

Xenophobia on a Suburban Paris Housing Estate Haegel F.

Xenophobia in South Africa: the views, opinions and experiences of international students at the Rand Afrikaans University Shindondola, Hilma Kupila

Migration, Integration and Xenophobia in South Africa
How the issues are being faced in a Township in an Industrial Metropolis
Anna Ihle, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Xenophobia in the social order - Attitudes towards Foreigners in South Africa - Recent Xenophobic Occurrences in South Africa - Reasons for Xenophobia and its Persistence

A statistical examination of the relationship between xenophobia and environmental parameters in pre-statal populations - David Zarnowski

African Union: Xenophobia as poor intercultural communication Matt Mogekwu

Xenophobia: Understanding the Roots and Consequences of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants - Yakushko, Oksana, Counseling Psychologist, v37 n1 p36-66 2009
Abstract: The current xenophobic cultural environment in the United States makes it imperative that psychologists understand the nature of xenophobia and recognize its consequences. This article explores sociological, social psychological, and multicultural research to examine the causes of negative attitudes toward immigrants. Xenophobia is presented as a concept descriptive of a socially observable phenomenon. Historical and contemporary expressions of xenophobia in the United States are examined and compared with cross-cultural scholarship on negative attitudes toward immigrants. Last, suggestions are provided for how counseling psychologists can integrate an understanding of xenophobia into their clinical practice, training, research, and public policy advocacy.

IMMIGRATION, XENOPHOBIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Series Editor: Jonathan Crush, Southern African Migration Project, Migration Policy Series No. 22
- queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/policy22.htm
In May 2001, President Thabo Mbeki observed that all South Africans must be vigilant against “any evidence of xenophobia” against African immigrants. He noted that it is “fundamentally wrong and unacceptable” that South Africans should treat people who come to South Africa as friends as though they are enemies. This is a long-awaited and critically important statement from the highest level of the South African government. In the aftermath of the World Conference on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, the President’s words will hopefully be acted upon by all South Africans.
What is the evidence of xenophobia against African immigrants to which the President refers? Evidence of xenophobia can be seen in high-profile violent assaults on immigrants by hands of citizens (in which a number of refugees and others have lost their lives). But how typical are these xenophohic acts? Perhaps, as in some other countries, these are just the actions of a small group of extremists and are untypical of mainstream attitudes? What do South Africans really think of non-citizens, of African immigrants, of refugees and asylum-seekers? Are these attitudes reflected in, or contrary to, official thinking? And how and why does the media influence attitudes, for better or worse?
In 1997, the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) identified xenophobia as a major source of concern to human rights and democracy in the country. Then, in October 1998, the SAHRC (in partnership with other agencies) launched a public and media education programme known as the Roll Back Xenophobia (RBX) Campaign. The campaign is designed to send a message, in the words of its founding document, that “South Africa needs to send out a strong message that an irrational prejudice and hostility towards non-nationals is not acceptable under any circumstances” (Appendix A). The powerful Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), the country’s largest labour federation, has also condemned the growth of xenophobia in South Africa in no uncertain terms (Appendix B).

The Political Uses of Xenophobia in England, France and Germany
Dietrich Thränhardt - Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 3, 323-345 (1995)
This article centres upon the nature of xenophobia as it relates to electoral politics, addressing in particular how and why `race politics' were employed in three large West European states at the end of the Cold War. Rather than looking only at extremist fringe groups, this article focuses on party competition as a driving force. Discussing developments since 1979, a strict comparison of party strategies employed in Britain, France and Germany is undertaken, describing the ups and downs of xenophobia as a public issue largely as a product of campaign strategies of the established conservative parties, who used the issue as a `weapon of last resort'. The handling of the issue by actors in the three countries is compared; this resulted in the success of the Front National in France and the Republikaner in Germany, and diverging development in Britain. It is also stressed that the emergence of `race' and migration as public issues are largely independent of the actual numbers of immigrants, which differed fundamentally between the three countries.

National identity and xenophobia: the interplay between economic interests and identity issues in cross-national perspective
Coenders, Marcel. and Hjerm, Mikael.
Abstract: In this contribution we focus on the opposition to ethnic minorities and immigrants in Europe. The aim of this study is to describe and explain within and between country variation in negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities, as well as some recent changes over time. In particular we focus on the relationships between ethnic and national identification on the one hand and xenophobia on the other hand. Contemporary research on xenophobia is dominated by two theoretical traditions. According to realistic group conflict theories, negative out-group attitudes are rooted in a clash of – mostly economic – group interests. Social identity theory emphasizes considerations of group identity. We bring these two strands of theory together to investigate the interplay between economic group interests and identity issues and test individual level as well as contextual level hypotheses for intra- and international differences in xenophobia among European societies. We use cross-national comparative survey data from two modules of the International Social Survey Program (1995 and 2003). We investigate how the effects of individual circumstances, predispositions and attitudes are moderated by the economic and demographic national context as well as by concerns of national identity among the general public.

French Xenophobia and Immigrant Contact: Public Attitudes Toward Immigrants
Digiusto, Gerald. and Jolly, Seth.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting, Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Aug 28, 2008
Abstract: How does the presence of immigrants or minorities in a local community affect racial and xenophobic attitudes? Further, how do elite cues shape public attitudes regarding minorities and immigrants? Synthesizing public opinion, economic, and demographic data from France, we explore these questions. By taking advantage of cross-sectional variation in minority populations and elite xenophobic rhetoric, we develop and test hypotheses concerning the causal relationships among the presence of immigrant populations, elite cues, and xenophobic sentiments. We find that larger immigrant populations dampen xenophobic attitudes, supportive of the contact theory. In clarifying this relationship, we contribute to ongoing debates over contact theory and add to the growing literature on elite cueing or manipulation of ethnic differences for political gains.

What the Future May Bring - Xenophobia among Swedish Adolescents
Mikael Hjerm, Umeå University, Sweden
Acta Sociologica, Vol. 48, No. 4, 292-307 (2005) DOI: 10.1177/0001699305059943
The educational system is assumed to facilitate our full participation in society by laying the foundation for participatory rights and possibilities and at the same time strengthening civil society by fostering its individuals into democratic citizens. The question is what the future may bring if continuous economic cutbacks in the educational system lead to diminishing resources for the teaching of values of liberal democracy and multiculturalism. I try to answer this question by focusing on how xenophobia among Swedish teenage school adolescents is related to other values in the democratic system. The empirical data are drawn from a national sample comprising more than 6000 adolescents between 14 and 15 years of age. I conclude that willingness to participate actively in the democratic process through both political participation and other legal action relates negatively to xenophobia, whereas willingness to undertake acts of civil disobedience and mistrust in the political institutions relate positively to xenophobia. These findings raise the question of what the educational system should focus on in trying to combat racism and xenophobia and of what will happen in the future in times of diminishing resources.

Hatred by hated people: xenophobia in Israel
Pedahzur, Ami, Yishai, Yael
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd. Publication Name: Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
Abstract: Research was conducted to examine the xenophobia among the Jewish majority in Israel, who themselves experienced hatred from other races, basing on a survey of a Jewish urban population. The study focused on the scope and causes of the hatred. Findings prove the existence of hatred among the Jews although levels of hatred differed according to targeted social groups. It was concluded that the concept of hatred among the Jews should be compartmentalized and should be explained according to specific groups.

The culture of local xenophobia
K. D. M. Snell
Published in: Social History, Volume 28, Issue 1 January 2003 , pages 1 - 30 DOI: 10.1080/0307102032000040170
Abstract: This article tackles the subject of 'local xenophobia' in rural and cottage-industrial areas of England and Wales in the period c. 1700-1938. It argues that historians have neglected the historical record of such sentiments towards 'foreigners' from other parishes, and it suggests that these attitudes were so widespread in the countryside (and rural workers so numerous within the population) as to lead one to doubt arguments for the early, post-1790, emergence of the working class, as expressed most famously by E. P. Thompson. Many manifestations of this 'culture of local xenophobia' are discussed, pointing also to its legal and related contexts. The article outlines some of the factors that led it gradually to be eclipsed in many regions during the nineteenth century by a wider trans-parochial sense of class consciousness and allegiance.

The chill wind of Korean xenophobia
Kim Wan-Soon, Lee You-Il
Review Publishing Company Ltd. (Hong Kong), Far Eastern Economic Review
Abstract: It is reported that in recent times the xenophobia of South Korea has re-emerged, militating against the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI). The increasing number of foreign-controlled banks and the recent rise of grievance cases by foreign companies have impelled Korea to dislike foreign capital.

On the Development of Xenophobia in Germany: The Adolescent Years
Boehnke, Klaus; Hagan, John; Hefler, Gerd
Journal of Social Issues, Volume 54, Number 3, Fall 1998 , pp. 585-602(18)
Abstract: Xenophobia is a widespread phenomenon around the world. Xenophobic incidents occurring in Germany, however, have always drawn high media attention for obvious historical reasons. The current article elaborates on the development of xenophobia among German adolescents in the 1990s. Using survey data from a large, ongoing longitudinal study of youth from East and West Berlin, trends of change in adolescent xenophobia are analyzed. Two main hypotheses are tested, namely that the subterranean value orientation of market-oriented economies, here called hierarchic self-interest, and low self-esteem are the driving forces behind xenophobia among 13- to 16-year-olds. In a two-wave cross-sectional study and a two-cohort longitudinal study, it is shown that individual preferences for hierarchic self-interest are indeed a powerful predictor of levels of xenophobia, though not of change, in the adolescent years under scrutiny. Admitting to a low self-esteem had an effect opposite to the one hypothesized. Those youth most willing to describe themselves as doubtful about their self were the ones with the lowest level and the least increase of xenophobia during the adolescent years. Context variables, like living in East as opposed to West Berlin or being on a disadvantaged school track, had a xenophobia-enhancing effect over and above hierarchic self-interest and self-esteem.

Political Xenophobia in the Transition from Socialism: Threat, Racism and Ideology among East German Youth
by: Meredith W. Watts
Political Psychology, Vol. 17, No. 1. (1996), pp. 97-126.
Abstract: This analysis is based on the proposition that "political xenophobia" is a specific form of hostility toward foreigners that requires a chain of elements: prejudice (xenophobia) as a "discriminatory potential," and a two-fold process of motivation and targeting whose elements are ideology and sense of threat (perception of negative instrumentality of foreigners). These elements together produce "political xenophobia," which refers to the desire or willingness to use public policy to discriminate against foreigners. A measurement model is developed and tested using East German data from late 1990. After a measure of "threatening" foreigners is tested, the general model is used to examine gender differences. Results show that males showed the highest absolute levels of prejudice, rightist ideology, and sense of threat emanating from foreigners. Though all factors were less intense among females, threat played a comparatively greater (and ideology a lesser) role than among males. This suggests that it is not the absolute level of prejudice that is most critical, but the convergence of ideology and a sense of threat in the political culture that produce political xenophobia.

Xenophilia or Xenophobia in American Courts? Before and After 9/11
Kevin M. Clermont, Theodore Eisenberg, Cornell University - School of Law
Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper No. 06-018
Abstract: This article revisits the controversy regarding how foreigners fare in U.S. courts. The available data, if taken in a sufficiently big sample from numerous case categories and a range of years, indicate that foreigners have fared better in the federal courts than their domestic counterparts have fared. Thus, the data offer no support for the existence of xenophobic bias in U.S. courts. Nor do they establish xenophilia, of course. What the data do show is that case selection drives the outcomes for foreigners. Foreigners' aversion to U.S. forums can elevate the foreigners' success rates, when measured as a percentage of judgments rendered. Yet that aversion waxes and wanes over the years, having generally declined in the last twenty years but with an uptick subsequent to 9/11. Accordingly, that aversion has caused the foreigners' advantage to follow the same track.

Xenophobia and right-wing-extremism in German youth groups - Some evidence against unidimensional misinterpretations
Wolfgang Frindte, Friedrich Funke and Sven Waldzus, University of Jena, Germany
The authors are very grateful to Joseph Schwarzwald and the unknown revisers
Abstract: The antecedents of violent and xenophobian orientations among young people have been extensively studied after the German reunification, producing various complementary or contradictory theoretical approaches. The present study presents statistical analyses of survey data collected from 1,177 adolescents in six German towns. These serve as the base for a bidimensional structural analysis of extreme right-wing orientation. The overlap between extreme right-wing social orientation and variables, such as gender, educational level or affinity to various youth cultures is analyzed and discussed. It is shown that there is a great danger of misinterpretation if one tries to generalize isolated results concerning xenophobian and violence-related orientations among German youths.

Racism and Xenophobia: A Brief Note on the Scottish Experience
Honourable Lord Gill
The Scottish Law Commission, 140 Causewayside, Edinburgh, EH9 1PR, UK
Journal Liverpool Law Review, DOI 10.1023/A:1026521622712
Abstract This short article plots expressions of racism andxenophobia in Scotland from the 15th to the 20th Centuries andnotes that in modern Scotland social divisions on the ground ofrace or religion have been dealt with without bloodshed. Theauthor hopes, that with the introduction of the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights into the domestic laws of the UnitedKingdom, this will continue to be the case in the 21st Century.

Reconsidering Fascist Anti-Semitism and Xenophobia in 1920s France: The Doctrinal Contribution of Georges Valois and the Faisceau
Samuel Kalman, Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
French History 2002 16(3):345-365; doi:10.1093/fh/16.3.345
Abstract Work on the subject of fascism in interwar France has generally prioritized the issues of anti-Semitism and xenophobia, seeking to effectively link the two phenomena. Yet the Faisceau, the largest fascist group in 1920s France, is commonly excluded from such discussions, portrayed as uninterested in adopting such a programme. This article seeks to redress this omission, presenting evidence that various Faisceau leaders and members argued for the immediate exclusion of Jews and foreigners, whom they perceived as a threat to both nation and race. At a time when the French public and their leaders largely abandoned such discourse, the group thus provided a link between pre-war anti-Semitism and the renewed xenophobia which characterized the 1930s and the Vichy years.

National Identity and Xenophobia in an Ethnically Divided Society
Noah Lewin-Epstein and Asaf Levanon
Abstract: Recent studies have suggested that national identity is empirically related to negative sentiments of individuals towards foreigners. This type of analysis has hitherto been based on the notion that xenophobia is shaped by the specific nature of national identity in a given society. Representing a stronger and more exclusive perception of national identity, ethnic national identity (compared with civic national identity) is expected in this line of research to result in less favourable perceptions of immigrants. In this paper we expand this approach by arguing that, in deeply divided societies, national identity itself may have different meanings among different social groups. Specifically, our analysis indicates that members of dominant ethnic groups ascribe higher importance to national identification than members of subordinate ethnic groups, and centre their perception of ethnic national identity on ancestral terms, while marginal ethnic groups tend to also associate this form of identity with affective and cultural elements. In addition, we propose a theoretical framework for the understanding of the relationship between national identity and xenophobia. In particular, we focus on the group threat model and the cultural affinity perspective, as both theories explain out-group hostility by focusing on group identity. Analysis of Israeli data from the ISSP module on national identity provides support primarily for the cultural affinity thesis, revealing that, in contrast to previous studies, ethnic national identity is negatively related to xenophobia among members of the Jewish ethnic group. This finding is discussed in terms of the distinctive features of Israeli society and its immigration context.

A new perspective in social research: Xenophobia: The deep roots of extreme emotions
WAHL Klaus ; TRAMITZ Christiane
DJI-Bulletin ISSN 0947-7012 2003, pp. 7-11
Abstract: Acts of violence against foreigners, murders of homeless people and attack on synagogues committed during the past decade have rekindled the debate on xenophobia and right-wing extremism in united Germany. Politicians, journalists, educators, social workers and social scientists analyse the causes and propagate measures for prevention and control. However, their perspectives are narrowed down to two main trains of thought: 1) The discussion primarily deals with the final elements in the cause-and-effect chain. The search for the roots of xenophobia and violence focuses on present social conditions. The proposed measures are also targeted at those final elements in the causal chain: more police power, harsher criminal law, and bans on political parties- in short: repression. 2) If prevention is considered, the approaches also tend to be one-sided. Society hopes to reduce xenophobic violence by improving socio-economic conditions and expanding infrastructural offers for young people, as well as by providing political and historical education. Significantly, this replicates a debate held in reaction to a wave of xenophobic violence at the beginning of the 1990s, in which the German Youth Institute intervened by presenting a clarifying synopsis on the state of the art in research.1 The limited ability of traditional attempts of social science to explain these phenomena was already apparent at that time These endeavours failed to recognise that human behaviour-including that of violence-prone youngsters - is neither directly motivated by external factors as unemployment or housing environment, nor primarily due to political attitudes and moral standards. Such assumptions reflect the materialistic and idealistic-rationalistic biases of the >image of Mane< adhered to by sociologists and some psychologists.2 These theories underestimate the power of emotions as a behavioural motivator. Based on these considerations, an interdisciplinary team of scientists from the German Youth Institute and the Research Group for Human Ethology at the Max Planck Society (later on, at the University of Munich) attempted to trace the emotional roots of xenophobia and violence. Their approach was to combine the theories and methods used in sociology, psychology and behaviour research.

International Outsourcing: Legality of Xenophobia in Outsourcing
Source: Outsourcing Law
Overview: In the United States, layoffs during the downward economic cycle following the dot.com bubble and then the 9/11 attack have had a severe impact on the local economies. In the resulting legislative debate over the impact of outsourcing, some state legislators have proposed a reversion to the "Buy American" principle that conflicts with international trade under the World Trade Organization. This issue underlines an emerging internal public policy debate on the desirability of international outsourcing.

Xenophobia on a Suburban Paris Housing Estate
Author: Haegel F.
Patterns of Prejudice, Volume 34, Number 1, 1 January 2000 , pp. 29-38(10)
Abstract: Xenophobia has become a politically charged phenomenon in France, and is often linked to matters of daily life on suburban housing estates. Haegel's article is based on a survey conducted among the inhabitants of a Parisian housing estate called 'La Cité des 4000 logements'. Remarks about immigrants took up much time and space throughout the interviews. The analysis of these remarks could only be successful by taking account of the context in which they were made, and the several motives that might lead to the expression of illegitimate opinions. The basis of the xenophobic discourse recorded in the survey is unquestionably the dichotomyus/ them. From it flows spatial references (the marking of territory) and temporal ones (the Golden Age and The Fall). (In many ways, the situation is identical to that analysed by Norbert Elias and John Scotson inThe Established and the Outsiders, although one difference is that 'the established' in 'the 4000' don't have real 'group charisma': they have at present neither a strong communal life nor social cohesion.) The central paradigm of the xenophobic discourse seems to behospitality, which implies, by definition, the granting of space, the playing of host to a foreigner in one's own space, rather than allowing the foreigner a place of his or her own. With the continuing settlement of immigrants in France, this is a paradigm that will have to change.

Xenophobia in South Africa: the views, opinions and experiences of international students at the Rand Afrikaans University
Shindondola, Hilma Kupila
Rand Afrikaans University, Issue Date: 27-Oct-2008 Xenophobia research.
Abstract: This study emerged out of the understanding that xenophobia has become a contentious issue in South Africa. International migrants have increasingly become victims of xenophobia at the hands of South African citizens. It was anchored by a commitment to shed some light on the nature of xenophobia in South Africa by examining the experiences of international students in Johannesburg. There is, indeed, evidence of some tension between a fraction of the South African population and international migrants from other African countries. In examining the experiences of international students and their views about xenophobia, the study concluded that the country’s segregated history was a contributing factor to the negative behaviour of citizens towards non-citizens. Although international students have the potential to strengthen both the development of South African institutions of higher learning and the economy at large, they are, instead sometimes regarded as being here to disrupt the social order. Even though all international students share the same sense of need to meet and get along with others in the new country, African students endure special difficulties. For, whatever unfortunate reasons, some universities seem not to be doing much to enlighten their local students about other African countries, cultures and histories. Students from elsewhere in Africa often find their South African classmates to be rather uninformed when it comes to appreciating their heritage. This lack of knowledge often sets the stage for xenophobic sentiments between the locals, international migrants in general, and international students in particular.

Migration, Integration and Xenophobia in South Africa
How the issues are being faced in a Township in an Industrial Metropolis
Anna Ihle, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Xenophobia in the social order - Attitudes towards Foreigners in South Africa - Recent Xenophobic Occurrences in South Africa - Reasons for Xenophobia and its Persistence
Abstract [...] Who was to blame for the recent rise of racial intolerance and xenophobic aggression? How widespread is xenophobia really in the South African public? Could the integration policies and programmes be held responsible? What went wrong in the society in the past and at present? How is this issue being confronted on a social as well as on a governmental side? These are all questions that need to be discussed in a public debate to bring the nation.The immigration legislation and the whole treatment of aliens in the country were also brought into discussion. Allusions of a “flood of illegal aliens” who bring disease and crime to the country and who are seen to be a threat to the social and fiscal stability of South Africa” (McDonald 2000: 813) are existent in the public. It is therefore necessary to learn about the definite situation of migrant labourers in the society before trying to change the way of how things work on an official level. The “recent trends in South Africa towards the blaming of noncitizens for stealing jobs and competing for scarce resources are not only disturbing in terms of their implications for violence against foreign workers and residents, but also because they do not necessarily represent the realities of noncitizen participation in the South African economy” (McDonald 2000: 838). By investigating the complex situation of migration, integration and xenophobia the research aims to provide an understanding. Furthermore is the enquiry necessary in the attempt of tracing down the different paths in which xenophobia builds up and finds its way into society. It is believed that a lack of integration of migrant labourers fosters the development of racial intolerance. After the essential terms migration, integration and xenophobia are defined, the history and contemporary situation of migration to South Africa is explained. The following chapter focuses on the conditions of foreigners in the society and is additionally linked to the issue of xenophobia. Thereafter is the presentation of the case study conducted by the researcher, which will be also used as the foundation for the following unit on suggestion for the confrontation of xenophobia. The final part will provide an outlook on the South African society and its struggle with racial intolerance.

Ethnocentrism and Xenophobia: A Cross-Cultural Study Elizabeth Cashdan - "People readily though not inevitably develop strong loyalties to their own ethnic group and discriminate against outsiders. In this report I use cross-cultural data to (1) determine the factors that strengthen and weaken these tendencies and (1) ascertain whether they have the same determinants. It is often supposed that ethnocentrism and xenophobia are opposite sides of the same coin, but a few voices have cautioned that this need not be the case." - Ethnocentrism and Xenophobia: A Cross-Cultural Study Elizabeth Cashdan, King’s College Research Centre Human Diversity Project, King’s College, Cambridge CB2 1ST, U.K. and Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, U.S.A.

A statistical examination of the relationship between xenophobia and environmental parameters in pre-statal populations - David Zarnowski
Abstract: Human history is replete with accounts of xenophobia and warfare. Two general suppositions are that such behaviors did not develop without precedence and that they predate the establishment of statal cultures. Using data derived from the Human Relations Area Files, fifty pre-statal populations are examined for xenophobic behaviors such as frequent hostilities with out-groups, warfare, and slavery utilization, using specific environmental and cultural criteria. These criteria are assigned discrete numerical values which are programmed into Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The use of statistical analyses can determine if there is a correlation between environmental and cultural variables, and whether these variables in marginal climatic conditions exert enough pressure to affect interpopulation relationships that would result in the formation of xenophobic reactions such as hostility or warfare.

Xenophobia and Ethnoviolence in Contemporary Germany
Marina A. Adler
Department of Sociology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 5401 Wilkens Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21228
This paper uses 1980s and 1990s data on xenophobia and ethnoviolence in Germany to organize theoretical arguments holding capitalism, social change, group threat or political culture responsible for the observed patterns. The selected indicators of xenophobia and ethnoviolence reflect mixed support for the various theories. In support of the long-term effects of capitalism, the data show that right-wing membership, ethnoviolence and xenophobia had already increased in the 1980s, and that men's re-employment rates are inversely related to violence and membership. The dramatic acceleration of these increases after unification bolsters social change arguments. Immigration statistics suggest that not the actual size of the foreign population (real group threat), but the perceived number of foreigners (threat fostered in the political culture) may be held responsible for increased violence. Possible implications for observed trends are presented.

African Union: Xenophobia as poor intercultural communication
Matt Mogekwu
As the world moves toward globalisation, Africa in particular is addressing both intra-national and international communication crises. The author argues that specifically xenophobia, as a cultural blind spot and source of conflict, could be addressed functionally and formally. This article addresses and challenges the role of the mass media in Africa, and calls for changes in training and education. Additionally, it suggests that entire communities – and continents – hold varying degrees of responsibility in relation to the (international) communicative whole. The article presents and discusses such opportunities and challenges, and suggests tangible means by which higher standards of communicative – and subsequently cultural - behaviour might be achieved.

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